Thesaurus to define land management practices in agriculture and forestry for soil carbon storage
type: ConceptScheme
type: Ontology
has top concept: Annual and perennial croplands
has top concept: Grasslands and pastures
has top concept: Forests, forest plantations and other wooded lands

Plant management
type: Concept
in scheme: Thesaurus to define land management practices in agriculture and forestry for soil carbon storage
definition:
  source: Authors Data4C+
  value: Agricultural practices controlling the spatial and temporal arrangement of plants grown on the field. Plant management has an effect on carbon inputs, soil cover, litter quality, and hence is crucial for the understanding of soil carbon dynamic.
broader: Annual and perennial croplands
narrower: Monoculture

Plant residues management
type: Concept
in scheme: Thesaurus to define land management practices in agriculture and forestry for soil carbon storage
definition:
  source: Authors Data4C+; Li, Y., Shi, S., Waqas, M.A., Zhou, X., Li, J., Wan, Y., Qin, X., Gao, Q., Liu, S., Wilkes, A., 2018. Long-term (≥20 years) application of fertilisers and straw return enhances soil carbon storage: a meta-analysis. Mitigation and adaptation strategies for global change 23, 603–619; Powlson, D.S., Riche, A.B., Coleman, K., Glendining, M.J., Whitmore, A.P., 2008. Carbon sequestration in European soils through straw incorporation: Limitations and alternatives. Waste Management, OECD Workshop - Soils and Waste Management: A Challenge to Climate Change 28, 741–746.
  source: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11027-017-9751-2
  value: Management, especially type of the residue (burned/unburned residues, shredded) and localisation of the residues on surface (mulch or buried). The management of plant residues has an effect on soil carbon stocks (Li et al., 2018), but not necessarily on net soil carbon sequestration (Powlson et al., 2008).
broader: Annual and perennial croplands
narrower: Crop residues management

Fertilisers and amendments management
type: Concept
in scheme: Thesaurus to define land management practices in agriculture and forestry for soil carbon storage
definition:
  source: FAO. 2019. International Code of Conduct for the Sustainable Use and Management of fertilisers. Rome; Li, Y., Shi, S., Waqas, M.A., Zhou, X., Li, J., Wan, Y., Qin, X., Gao, Q., Liu, S., Wilkes, A., 2018. Long-term (≥20 years) application of fertilisers and straw return enhances soil carbon storage: a meta-analysis. Mitigation and adaptation strategies for global change 23, 603–619; Maillard, É., Angers, D.A., 2014. Animal manure application and soil organic carbon stocks: a meta-analysis. Global Change Biology 20, 666–679.
  source: http://www.fao.org/3/ca5253en/ca5253en.pdf
  value: Annual and perennial croplands could be fertilised or amended with various products produced on the same plot or not. Fertiliser refers to a chemical or natural substance or material that is used to provide nutrients to plants, usually via application to the soil, but also to foliage or through water in rice systems, fertigation or hydroponics or aquaculture operations. Thus, multiple nutrient types and sources are considered and include: chemical and mineral fertilisers; organic fertilisers such as livestock manures and composts; and sources of recycled nutrients such as wastewater, sewage sludge, digestates and other processed wastes (FAO, 2019). Fertilisation has generally a positive effect on soil carbon stocks (Li et al., 2018; Maillard Angers 2014).
broader: Annual and perennial croplands
narrower: Mineral fertilisation

Fire management
type: Concept
in scheme: Thesaurus to define land management practices in agriculture and forestry for soil carbon storage
definition:
  source: Authors Data4c+
  value: The interventions regarding the prevention, control, and timing of fires in forests and wooded systems. Fire management may influence biomass production, hence carbon inputs, and the accumulation of pyrogenic carbon in the soils.
broader: Forests, forest plantations and other wooded lands
narrower: Fire exclusion

Tillage management
type: Concept
in scheme: Thesaurus to define land management practices in agriculture and forestry for soil carbon storage
definition:
  source: Adapted from Landmark glossary; Chenu, C., Angers, D.A., Barré, P., Derrien, D., Arrouays, D., Balesdent, J., 2019. Increasing organic stocks in agricultural soils: Knowledge gaps and potential innovations. Soil and Tillage Research, Soil Carbon and Climate Change: the 4 per Mille Initiative 188, 41–52.
  source: http://landmark2020.eu/glossary/tillage/
  value: Tillage is the mechanical cultivation of a soil profile for any purpose. Tillage can be performed to accomplish a number of tasks including: breaking compactions, incorporation of crop residues, manures, fertilisers or weeds, seedbed preparation, weed control. According to ecological, economic and cultural factor, tillage mangement is highly variable in the world (Adapted from Landmark glossary). Tillage influences the stratification of soil carbon and may lead to soil carbon stock increase in topsoil, but the overall effect on 0-30 cm depth or deeper is low or non-significant (Chenu et al. 2019).
broader: Annual and perennial croplands
narrower: No-till

Water management
type: Concept
in scheme: Thesaurus to define land management practices in agriculture and forestry for soil carbon storage
definition:
  source: Authors Data4C+; Emde, D., Hannam, K.D., Most, I., Nelson, L.M., Jones, M.D., 2021. Soil organic carbon in irrigated agricultural systems: A meta-analysis. Global Change Biology 27, 3898–3910.
  source: https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.15680
  value: Water management in annual and perennial croplands involves the management of water inputs through irrigation and water removals through drainage. Irrigation practices may increase soil carbon stocks (Emde et al. 2021).
broader: Annual and perennial croplands
narrower: Water management in paddy fields

Erosion control
type: Concept
in scheme: Thesaurus to define land management practices in agriculture and forestry for soil carbon storage
definition:
  source: Sanz, M.J., De Vente, J., Chotte, J.-L., Bernoux, M., Kust, G.S., Ruiz, I., Almagro, M., Alloza, J.-A., Vallejo, R., Castillo, V., 2017. Sustainable Land Management contribution to successful land-based climate change adaptation and mitigation. A Report of the Science-Policy Interface. United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification United Nations (UNCCD), Bonn, Germany.
  source: ISBN 978-92-95110-95-3
  value: Soil erosion control is the practice of preventing or controlling wind or water erosion. Soil erosion, defined as the detachment, transportation and re-deposition of soil particles by wind or water, can be reduced or prevented by technologies that decrease both wind and runoff velocities (Sanz et al. 2017). Other land management practices listed in the thesaurus are also known to reduce soil erosion (e.g. cover crops, tillage reduction). At the field scale, erosion control practices prevent lateral soil carbon losses.
broader: Annual and perennial croplands
narrower: Progressive bench terrasse

Land clearing management
type: Concept
in scheme: Thesaurus to define land management practices in agriculture and forestry for soil carbon storage
definition:
  source: Davidson, E.A., De Abreu Sà, T.D., Reis Carvalho, C.J., De Oliveira Figueiredo, R., Kato, M.S.A., Kato, O.R., Ishida, F.Y., 2008. An integrated greenhouse gas assessment of an alternative to slash-and-burn agriculture in eastern Amazonia. Global Change Biology 14, 998–1007.
  source: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2008.01542.x
  value: Land clearing management refers to the practices of vegetation removal allowing the conversion of land into annual or perennial croplands. Differences in land clearing management may lead to short-term soil carbon stocks variations and changes in greenhouse gases balance (Davidson et al. 2008).
broader: Annual and perennial croplands
narrower: Burning

Conventional agriculture
type: Concept
in scheme: Thesaurus to define land management practices in agriculture and forestry for soil carbon storage
definition:
  source: Authors Data4C+
  value: Conventional agriculture is usually defined in opposition to alternative agriculture systems, as e.g. the non-organic agriculture or the non-agriculture of conservation. The conventional agriculture term gathers numerous different form of agricultural systems, from the most industrial monocultures to traditional agriculture with few crop residues restitution and tillage weeding but no use of synthetic inputs. Conventional agriculture is often used as a control treatment to compare to alternative pratices. It is what is accepted as the norm, the most dominant agricultural practice.
broader: Annual and perennial croplands

Organic agriculture
type: Concept
in scheme: Thesaurus to define land management practices in agriculture and forestry for soil carbon storage
definition:
  source: Landmark glossary
  source: http://landmark2020.eu/glossary/organic-farming/
  value: Agricultural production which typically places a higher emphasis on environmental and wildlife protection and, with regard to livestock production, on measures that are supposedly animal welfare friendly. Organic production aims at more holistic production management systems for crops and livestock, emphasizing on-farm management practices over off-farm inputs. This involves avoiding, or largely reducing, the use of synthetic chemicals such as inorganic fertilisers, pesticides, medicinal products, replacing them, wherever possible, with cultural, biological and mechanical methods. Organic producers explicitly aim to develop an allegedly healthier, fertile soil by growing and rotating a mixture of crops and using leguminous crops to fix nitrogen from the atmosphere. The production of genetically-modified (GM) crops and their use in animal feed is banned. In the context of European Union (EU) statistics, farming is considered to be organic if it complies with Regulation 834/2007 of 28 June 2007 on organic production and labelling of organic products. The detailed rules for the implementation of this Regulation are laid down in Regulation 889/2008.
broader: Annual and perennial croplands

Conservation agriculture
type: Concept
in scheme: Thesaurus to define land management practices in agriculture and forestry for soil carbon storage
definition:
  source: FAO website
  source: http://www.fao.org/conservation-agriculture/overview/principles-of-ca/en/
  value: Conservation Agriculture is based on three main principles adapted to reflect local conditions and needs: - Minimum mechanical soil disturbance: Minimum soil disturbance refers to low disturbance no-tillage and direct seeding. The disturbed area must be less than 15 cm wide or less than 25% of the cropped area (whichever is lower). There should be no periodic tillage that disturbs a greater area than the aforementioned limits. Strip tillage is allowed if the disturbed area is less than the set limits. - Permanent soil organic cover: Three categories are distinguished: 30-60%, >60-90% and >90% ground cover, measured immediately after the direct seeding operation. Area with less than 30% cover is not considered as CA. - Species diversification: Rotation/association should involve at least 3 different crops. However, repetitive wheat, maize, or rice cropping is not an exclusion factor for the purpose of this data collection, but rotation/association is recorded where practiced.
broader: Annual and perennial croplands

Soil conservation
type: Concept
in scheme: Thesaurus to define land management practices in agriculture and forestry for soil carbon storage
definition:
  source: FAO, 2015. World Programme for the Census of Agriculture 2020. Volume 1 Programme, Concepts and Definitions. FAO, Rome.
  source: http://www.fao.org/3/i4913e/i4913e.pdf
  value: Soil conservation is a sustainable practice to prevent and reverse the degradation of soil through appropriate land use and management practices. It is defined as activities to maintain or enhance the productive capacity of the land in areas affected by or prone to degradation, including prevention and reduction of soil erosion, compaction and salinity, conservation or drainage of soil water, and maintenance or improvement of soil fertility.
broader: Annual and perennial croplands

Integrated soil fertility management
type: Concept
in scheme: Thesaurus to define land management practices in agriculture and forestry for soil carbon storage
definition:
  source: Vanlauwe, B., Bationo, A., Chianu, J., Giller, K.E., Merckx, R., Mokwunye, U., Ohiokpehai, O., Pypers, P., Tabo, R., Shepherd, K.D., Smaling, E.M.A., Woomer, P.L., Sanginga, N., 2010. Integrated Soil Fertility Management: Operational Definition and Consequences for Implementation and Dissemination. Outlook Agric 39, 17–24.
  source: https://doi.org/10.5367/000000010791169998
  value: Integrated soil fertility management (ISFM) is a set of soil fertility management practices that necessarily include the use of fertilizer, oranic inputs and improved germplasm, combined ith the knoledge on how to adapt these practices to local conditions, aimed at maximizing agronomic use efficiency of the applied nutrients and improving crop productivity.
broader: Annual and perennial croplands

Integrated pest management
type: Concept
in scheme: Thesaurus to define land management practices in agriculture and forestry for soil carbon storage
definition:
  source: European Commission
  source: https://ec.europa.eu/food/plants/pesticides/sustainable-use-pesticides/integrated-pest-management-ipm_fr
  value: Integrated pest management (IPM) means careful consideration of all available plant protection methods and subsequent integration of appropriate measures that discourage the development of populations of harmful organisms and keep the use of plant protection products and other forms of intervention to levels that are economically and ecologically justified and reduce or minimise risks to human health and the environment. 'Integrated pest management' emphasises the growth of a healthy crop with the least possible disruption to agro-ecosystems and encourages natural pest control mechanisms.
broader: Annual and perennial croplands

Sustainable Rice Intensification
type: Concept
in scheme: Thesaurus to define land management practices in agriculture and forestry for soil carbon storage
definition:
  source: McDonald, A.J., Hobbs, P.R., Riha, S.J., 2006. Does the system of rice intensification outperform conventional best management?: A synopsis of the empirical record. Field Crops Research 96, 31–36.
  source: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2005.05.003
  value: The main components include careful transplanting of young seedlings at wide spacings on a precise grid with only one seedling per hill, water management that keeps the soil moist but not continuously flooded, frequent (i.e. three to four times) manual or mechanical weeding before canopy closure, and reliance on high rates of organic compost for fertiliser.
broader: Annual and perennial croplands

Annual and perennial croplands
type: Concept
top concept of: Thesaurus to define land management practices in agriculture and forestry for soil carbon storage
in scheme: Thesaurus to define land management practices in agriculture and forestry for soil carbon storage
definition:
  source: FAO and SEEA (System of Environmental-Economic Accounting 2012— Central Framework)
  source: https://unstats.un.org/unsd/envaccounting/seearev/seea_cf_final_en.pdf
  value: Land used for cultivation of crops. The total of areas under ''Arable land'' and ''Permanent crops'': "Arable land" = The total of areas under temporary crops, temporary meadows and pastures, and land with temporary fallow. Arable land does not include land that is potentially cultivable but is not normally cultivated. "Land under permanent crops" = Land cultivated with long-term crops which do not have to be replanted for several years (such as cocoa and coffee), land under trees and shrubs producing flowers (such as roses and jasmine), and nurseries (except those for forest trees, which should be classified under "Forestry"). Permanent meadows and pastures are excluded from land under permanent crops.
narrower: Plant management

Plant management
type: Concept
in scheme: Thesaurus to define land management practices in agriculture and forestry for soil carbon storage
definition:
  source: Authors Data4C+
  value: Agricultural practices controlling the spatial and temporal arrangement of herbaceous plants in pastures and grasslands. Plant management has an effect on carbon inputs, litter and root quality, and hence is crucial for the understanding of soil carbon dynamic.
broader: Grasslands and pastures
narrower: Plant breeding

Biomass management
type: Concept
in scheme: Thesaurus to define land management practices in agriculture and forestry for soil carbon storage
definition: The management of the plant biomass produced in pastures and grasslands Biomass management has an effect on carbon inputs and hence on soil carbon dynamic.
  source: Authors Data4C+
broader: Grasslands and pastures
narrower: Shredded

Fire management
type: Concept
in scheme: Thesaurus to define land management practices in agriculture and forestry for soil carbon storage
definition:
  source: Authors Data4c+
  value: The interventions regarding the prevention, control, and timing of fires in agroecosystems. Fire management may influence biomass production, hence carbon inputs, and the accumulation of pyrogenic carbon in the soils.
broader: Grasslands and pastures
narrower: Fire exclusion

Fertilisers and amendments
type: Concept
in scheme: Thesaurus to define land management practices in agriculture and forestry for soil carbon storage
definition:
  source: FAO. 2019. International Code of Conduct for the Sustainable Use and Management of fertilisers. Rome. Poeplau, C., Zopf, D., Greiner, B., Geerts, R., Korvaar, H., Thumm, U., Don, A., Heidkamp, A., Flessa, H., 2018. Why does mineral fertilisation increase soil carbon stocks in temperate grasslands? Agriculture, Ecosystems Environment 265, 144–155.
  source: http://www.fao.org/3/ca5253en/ca5253en.pdf
  value: Grasslands and pastures could be fertilised or amended with various products produced on the same plot or not. Fertiliser refers to a chemical or natural substance or material that is used to provide nutrients to plants, usually via application to the soil, but also to foliage or through fertigation, or hydroponics or aquaculture operations. Thus, multiple nutrient types and sources are considered and include: chemical and mineral fertilisers; organic fertilisers such as livestock manures and composts; and sources of recycled nutrients such as wastewater, sewage sludge, digestates and other processed wastes (FAO, 2019). Fertilisation has generally a positive effect on soil carbon stocks (Poeplau et al., 2018).
broader: Grasslands and pastures
narrower: Mineral fertilisation

Land clearing management
type: Concept
in scheme: Thesaurus to define land management practices in agriculture and forestry for soil carbon storage
definition:
  source: Davidson, E.A., De Abreu Sà, T.D., Reis Carvalho, C.J., De Oliveira Figueiredo, R., Kato, M.S.A., Kato, O.R., Ishida, F.Y., 2008. An integrated greenhouse gas assessment of an alternative to slash-and-burn agriculture in eastern Amazonia. Global Change Biology 14, 998–1007.
  source: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2008.01542.x
  value: Land clearing management refers to the practices of vegetation removal allowing the conversion of land into grasslands. Differences in land clearing management may lead to short-term soil carbon stocks variations and changes in greenhouse gases balance (Davidson et al. 2008)
broader: Grasslands and pastures
narrower: Burning

Grasslands and pastures
type: Concept
top concept of: Thesaurus to define land management practices in agriculture and forestry for soil carbon storage
in scheme: Thesaurus to define land management practices in agriculture and forestry for soil carbon storage
definition:
  source: FAO and SEEA (System of Environmental-Economic Accounting 2012— Central Framework)
  source: https://unstats.un.org/unsd/envaccounting/seearev/seea_cf_final_en.pdf
  value: Land used permanently (five years or more) to grow herbaceous forage crops through cultivation or naturally (wild prairie or grazing land). Permanent meadows and pastures on which trees and shrubs are grown should be recorded under this heading only if the growing of forage crops is the most important use of the area. Measures may be taken to keep or increase productivity of the land (i.e., use of fertilisers, mowing or systematic grazing by domestic animals).
narrower: Plant management

Forests, forest plantations and other wooded lands
type: Concept
top concept of: Thesaurus to define land management practices in agriculture and forestry for soil carbon storage
in scheme: Thesaurus to define land management practices in agriculture and forestry for soil carbon storage
definition:
  source: FAO and SEEA (System of Environmental-Economic Accounting 2012— Central Framework)
  source: https://unstats.un.org/unsd/envaccounting/seearev/seea_cf_final_en.pdf
  value: Include : - Forest land : Land spanning more than 0.5 hectares with trees higher than 5 metres and a canopy cover of more than 10 per cent, or trees able to reach these thresholds in situ. Includes natural forest (a forest composed of indigenous trees) and forest plantation (a forest established by planting or/and seeding in the process of afforestation or reforestation. It consists of introduced species, or in some cases, indigenous species. Excludes land that is predominantly under agricultural or urban land use, and land that is predominantly used for maintenance and restoration of environmental function. - Other wooded land : Land not classified as “Forest land”, spanning more than 0.5 hectares; with trees higher than 5 metres and a canopy cover of 5-10 per cent, or trees able to reach these thresholds in situ; or with a combined cover of shrubs, bushes and trees above 10 per cent.
narrower: Plant management

Plant management
type: Concept
in scheme: Thesaurus to define land management practices in agriculture and forestry for soil carbon storage
definition:
  source: Authors Data4C+
  value: Practices controlling the spatial and temporal arrangement of plants (including herbaceous) in forests and wooded lands. Plant management has an effect on carbon inputs, litter and root quality, and hence is crucial for the understanding of soil carbon dynamic.
broader: Forests, forest plantations and other wooded lands
narrower: Stand management

Biomass management
type: Concept
in scheme: Thesaurus to define land management practices in agriculture and forestry for soil carbon storage
definition: The management of the biomass produced by the wooded system, through harvesting and removal of residues. Biomass management has an effect on carbon inputs and hence on soil carbon dynamic.
  source: Authors Data4C+
broader: Forests, forest plantations and other wooded lands
narrower: Harvesting

Animal management
type: Concept
in scheme: Thesaurus to define land management practices in agriculture and forestry for soil carbon storage
definition:
  source: Adapted from Mayer, M., Prescott, C.E., Abaker, W.E.A., Augusto, L., Cécillon, L., Ferreira, G.W.D., James, J., Jandl, R., Katzensteiner, K., Laclau, J.-P., Laganière, J., Nouvellon, Y., Paré, D., Stanturf, J.A., Vanguelova, E.I., Vesterdal, L., 2020. Tamm Review: Influence of forest management activities on soil organic carbon stocks: A knowledge synthesis. Forest Ecology and Management 466, 118127.
  source: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2020.118127
  value: The management of the wild animals populations in forests, as well as the management of transhumant livestocks in open wooded lands, such as woody savannas or woody rangelands; may lead to soil carbon increase (Mayer et al., 2020).
broader: Forests, forest plantations and other wooded lands
narrower: Herbivory regulation

Fertilisers and amendments
type: Concept
in scheme: Thesaurus to define land management practices in agriculture and forestry for soil carbon storage
definition:
  source: FAO. 2019. International Code of Conduct for the Sustainable Use and Management of fertilisers. Rome. Mayer, M., Prescott, C.E., Abaker, W.E.A., Augusto, L., Cécillon, L., Ferreira, G.W.D., James, J., Jandl, R., Katzensteiner, K., Laclau, J.-P., Laganière, J., Nouvellon, Y., Paré, D., Stanturf, J.A., Vanguelova, E.I., Vesterdal, L., 2020. Tamm Review: Influence of forest management activities on soil organic carbon stocks: A knowledge synthesis. Forest Ecology and Management 466, 118127.
  source: http://www.fao.org/3/ca5253en/ca5253en.pdf https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2020.118127
  value: Forests and tree plantations could be fertilised or amendend with various products produced on the same plot or not. fertiliser refers to a chemical or natural substance or material that is used to provide nutrients to plants, usually via application to the soil, but also to foliage, fertigation or hydroponics or aquaculture operations. Thus, multiple nutrient types and sources are considered and include: chemical and mineral fertilisers; organic fertilisers such as livestock manures and composts; and sources of recycled nutrients such as wastewater, sewage sludge, digestates and other processed wastes (FAO, 2019). Nitrogen deposition in forest has overall a positive effect on soil carbon stocks (Mayer et al., 2020).
broader: Forests, forest plantations and other wooded lands
narrower: Mineral fertilisation

Tillage management
type: Concept
in scheme: Thesaurus to define land management practices in agriculture and forestry for soil carbon storage
definition:
  source: Carter, M.R., 2005. CONSERVATION TILLAGE, in: Hillel, D. (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Soils in the Environment. Elsevier, Oxford, pp. 306–311; Mayer, M., Prescott, C.E., Abaker, W.E.A., Augusto, L., Cécillon, L., Ferreira, G.W.D., James, J., Jandl, R., Katzensteiner, K., Laclau, J.-P., Laganière, J., Nouvellon, Y., Paré, D., Stanturf, J.A., Vanguelova, E.I., Vesterdal, L., 2020. Tamm Review: Influence of forest management activities on soil organic carbon stocks: A knowledge synthesis. Forest Ecology and Management 466, 118127.
  source: https://doi.org/10.1016/B0-12-348530-4/00270-8
  value: The manipulation of the soil profile to modify soil conditions and to manipulate plant residues, and to control or remove unwanted plant growth (Carter, 2005). Soil disturbances in tree plantations can lead to short-term soil carbon losses, but theses losses might be offset by long-term increase in forest productivity hence soil carbon storage (Mayer et al. 2020).
broader: Forests, forest plantations and other wooded lands
narrower: Mole ploughing

Land clearing management
type: Concept
in scheme: Thesaurus to define land management practices in agriculture and forestry for soil carbon storage
definition:
  source: Davidson, E.A., De Abreu Sà, T.D., Reis Carvalho, C.J., De Oliveira Figueiredo, R., Kato, M.S.A., Kato, O.R., Ishida, F.Y., 2008. An integrated greenhouse gas assessment of an alternative to slash-and-burn agriculture in eastern Amazonia. Global Change Biology 14, 998–1007.
  source: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2008.01542.x
  value: Land clearing management refers to the practices of vegetation removal allowing the conversion of land into secondary forests or plantations Differences in land clearing management may lead to short-term soil carbon stocks variations and changes in greenhouse gases balance (Davidson et al. 2008).
broader: Forests, forest plantations and other wooded lands
narrower: Burning

Reduced Impact logging
type: Concept
in scheme: Thesaurus to define land management practices in agriculture and forestry for soil carbon storage
definition:
  source: Enters, T., Durst, P.B., Applegate, G.B., Kho, P.C., Man, G., 2002. Applying Reduced Impact Logging to Advance Sustainable Forest Management.
  value: Reduced impact logging (RIL) technology is a collective term that refers to the use of scientific and engineering principles, in combination with education and training, to improve the application of labour, equipment and operating methods in the harvesting of industrial timber. Although it varies somewhat with the local situation, RIL in tropical forests generally requires the following (see, for example, Sist et al., 1998): - Pre-harvest inventory and mapping of individual crop trees. - Nearly all of these practices are common in temperate forests. Two that are not are the requirement for mapping individual crop trees, and the need for preharvest vine cutting - Conducting post-harvest assessments in order to provide feedback to the concession holder and logging crews and to evaluate the degree to which RIL guidelines were applied successfully. - Where feasible, utilizing yarding systems that protect soils and residual vegetation by suspending logs above the ground. - Winching logs to planned skidtrails and ensuring that skidding machines remain on the skidtrails at all times. - Construction of roads, landings and skidtrails so that they adhere to engineering and environmental design guidelines. -The use of appropriate felling and bucking techniques, including directional felling, cutting stumps low to the ground to avoid waste, and optimal crosscutting of tree stems into logs in a way that will maximize the recovery of useful wood. - Pre-harvest vine cutting in areas where vines bridge tree crowns. - Pre-harvest planning of roads, skidtrails and landings to provide access to the harvest area and to the individual trees scheduled for harvest while minimizing soil disturbance and protecting streams and waterways with appropriate crossings.
broader: Forests, forest plantations and other wooded lands

Monoculture
type: Concept
in scheme: Thesaurus to define land management practices in agriculture and forestry for soil carbon storage
definition: The growing of a single arable crop species on a field year after year, for at least 10 years.
  source: Landmark glossary
  source: http://landmark2020.eu/glossary/monoculture/
broader: Plant management

Plant breeding
type: Concept
in scheme: Thesaurus to define land management practices in agriculture and forestry for soil carbon storage
definition:
  source: Bruins, M., 2009. The evolution and contribution of plant breeding to global agriculture, in: Proceedings of the Second World Seed Conference: Responding to the Challenges of a Changing World: The Role of New Plant Varieties and High Quality Seed in Agriculture. pp. 18–31.
  value: Plant breeding could be considered to be changing the genetic make-up of plants for the benefit of humankind. More specifically, it is developing new varieties through the creation of new genetic diversity, by reassembling existing genetic diversity all with the aid of special techniques and technologies.
broader: Plant management

Crop rotation
type: Concept
in scheme: Thesaurus to define land management practices in agriculture and forestry for soil carbon storage
definition:
  source: FAO, 2015. World Programme for the Census of Agriculture 2020. Volume 1 Programme, Concepts and Definitions. FAO, Rome.
  source: http://www.fao.org/3/i4913e/i4913e.pdf
  value: Crop rotation is the growing of alternating species or families of crops in a specific field in a planned pattern or sequence so as to break weed, pest and disease cycles and to maintain or improve soil fertility and organic matter content.
broader: Plant management
narrower: Rotation of annual crops

Land with temporary fallow
type: Concept
in scheme: Thesaurus to define land management practices in agriculture and forestry for soil carbon storage
definition:
  source: FAO, 2015. World Programme for the Census of Agriculture 2020. Volume 1 Programme, Concepts and Definitions. FAO, Rome.
  source: http://www.fao.org/3/i4913e/i4913e.pdf
  value: Land temporarily fallow refers to arable land at prolonged rest before re-cultivation. This may be part of the holding’s crop rotation system or because the normal crop cannot be planted because of flood damage, lack of water, unavailability of inputs or other reasons.
broader: Plant management

Intercropping
type: Concept
in scheme: Thesaurus to define land management practices in agriculture and forestry for soil carbon storage
definition:
  source: Ofori, F., Stern, W.R., 1987. Cereal–Legume Intercropping Systems. Advances in Agronomy 41, 41–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2113(08)60802-0
  source: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2113(08)60802-0
  value: Intercropping is the growing of two or more crop species simultaneously in the same field during a growing season. Remark : Does not include agroforestry practices, which are covered separately in the thesaurus.
broader: Plant management

Agroforestry
type: Concept
in scheme: Thesaurus to define land management practices in agriculture and forestry for soil carbon storage
definition:
  source: Adapted from FAO, 2015. World Programme for the Census of Agriculture 2020. Volume 1 Programme, Concepts and Definitions. FAO, Rome.
  source: http://www.fao.org/3/i4913e/i4913e.pdf
  value: Agroforestry is a sustainable land management system in which forest species of trees and other wooded plants are purposely grown on the same land as agricultural crops or livestock, either concurrently or in rotation.
broader: Plant management
narrower: Alley cropping

Uncontrolled fire
type: Concept
in scheme: Thesaurus to define land management practices in agriculture and forestry for soil carbon storage
definition:
  source: FAO/GFMC, 1999. Revision of the FAO Wildland Fire Management Terminology.
  source: http://gfmc.online/wp-content/uploads/GFMC-FAO-Fire-Management-Glossary-1999-edited-2018.pdf
  value: Any fire which threatens to destroy life, property, or natural resources, and (a) is not burning within the confines of firebreaks, or (b) is burning with such intensity that it could not be readily extinguished with ordinary tools commonly available.
broader: Fire management

Cover crops in perennial croplands
type: Concept
in scheme: Thesaurus to define land management practices in agriculture and forestry for soil carbon storage
definition: A cover crop is any plant species usually grown in a mixture between vine rows (alleys).
  source: McGourty, G.T., Reganold, J.P., 2005. Managing vineyard soil organic matter with cover crops, in: Proceedings of the Soil Environment and Vine Mineral Nutrition Symposium. Davis, CA.: American Society for Enology and Viticulture, pp. 145–151
broader: Plant management

Prescribed burning
type: Concept
in scheme: Thesaurus to define land management practices in agriculture and forestry for soil carbon storage
definition:
  source: FAO/GFMC, 1999. Revision of the FAO Wildland Fire Management Terminology.
  source: http://gfmc.online/wp-content/uploads/GFMC-FAO-Fire-Management-Glossary-1999-edited-2018.pdf
  value: Controlled application of fire to vegetation in either their natural or modified state, under specified environmental conditions which allow the fire to be confined to a predetermined area or a predefined vegetation strata of the system, and at the same time to produce the intensity of heat and rate of spread required to attain planned resource management objectives (cf. Prescribed Fire). Note: This term has replaced the earlier term "Controlled Burning".
broader: Fire management
narrower: Broadcast burning

Crop residues management
type: Concept
in scheme: Thesaurus to define land management practices in agriculture and forestry for soil carbon storage
definition:
  source: Authors Data4C+; Li, Y., Shi, S., Waqas, M.A., Zhou, X., Li, J., Wan, Y., Qin, X., Gao, Q., Liu, S., Wilkes, A., 2018. Long-term (≥20 years) application of fertilisers and straw return enhances soil carbon storage: a meta-analysis. Mitigation and adaptation strategies for global change 23, 603–619; Powlson, D.S., Riche, A.B., Coleman, K., Glendining, M.J., Whitmore, A.P., 2008. Carbon sequestration in European soils through straw incorporation: Limitations and alternatives. Waste Management, OECD Workshop - Soils and Waste Management: A Challenge to Climate Change 28, 741–746.
  source: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11027-017-9751-2
  value: Management, especially type of the residue (burned/unburned residues, shredded) and localisation of the residues on surface (mulch or buried). The management of plant residues has an effect on soil carbon stocks (Li et al., 2018), but not necessarily on net soil carbon sequestration (Powlson et al., 2008).
broader: Plant residues management
narrower: Mulched residues

Woody regrowths management
type: Concept
in scheme: Thesaurus to define land management practices in agriculture and forestry for soil carbon storage
definition: Management of the woody plants that spontaneously invade agricultural areas and may lead to woody encroachment.
  source: Authors Data4C+
broader: Plant residues management
narrower: Shredded woody regrowths

Organic fertilisation
type: Concept
in scheme: Thesaurus to define land management practices in agriculture and forestry for soil carbon storage
definition:
  source: Eurostat glossary
  source: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php
  value: Fertilisers derived from organic origin such as animal products (e.g. livestock manure, dried blood, hoof, and bone meal), plant residues or derived from human activities(e.g. sewage sludge). Organic fertilisers contain carbon (C) and nutrients of solely biological origin and exclude material which is fossilized or embedded in geological formations.
broader: Fertilisers and amendments management
narrower: Exogenous organic matter

Mineral fertilisation
type: Concept
in scheme: Thesaurus to define land management practices in agriculture and forestry for soil carbon storage
definition:
  source: Eurostat glossary
  source: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php
  value: Fertilisers manufactured by a chemical/industrial process or mined as opposed to organic material that contains carbon. They are also called chemical fertilisers, artificial fertilisers or inorganic fertiliser.
broader: Fertilisers and amendments management

Organo-mineral fertilisation
type: Concept
in scheme: Thesaurus to define land management practices in agriculture and forestry for soil carbon storage
definition:
  source: FAO, 2015. World Programme for the Census of Agriculture 2020. Volume 1 Programme, Concepts and Definitions. FAO, Rome.
  source: http://www.fao.org/3/i4913e/i4913e.pdf
  value: Organo-mineral fertilisers are obtained through blending or processing one or more organic materials with one or more mineral fertilisers to enhance their nutrient content and fertilising value. In this type of fertiliser the mineral nutrients are protected by the binding and adsorption of the organic component, leading to a gradual release of nutrients in the soil and to a reduction of nutrient losses. Organo-mineral fertilisation can also consist of mineral fertilisers combined with organic fertilisers. In this case, please refer to the definitions and associated quantitatives variables presented above.
broader: Fertilisers and amendments management

Biochar
type: Concept
in scheme: Thesaurus to define land management practices in agriculture and forestry for soil carbon storage
definition:
  source: IBI, 2018. Frequently Asked Questions About Biochar: What is biochar? International Biochar Initiative (IBI) cited by IPCC, 2019. Annex I: Glossary, in: van Diemen, R. (Ed.), Climate Change and Land: An IPCC Special Report on Climate Change, Desertification, Land Degradation, Sustainable Land Management, Food Security, and Greenhouse Gas Fluxes in Terrestrial Ecosystems.
  source: https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/sites/4/2019/11/11_Annex-I-Glossary.pdf
  value: Relatively stable, carbon-rich material produced by heating biomass in an oxygen-limited environment. Biochar is also distinguished from charcoal by its application: biochar is used as a soil amendment with the intention to improve soil functions and to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from biomass that would otherwise decompose rapidly.
broader: Fertilisers and amendments management

Clay amendment
type: Concept
in scheme: Thesaurus to define land management practices in agriculture and forestry for soil carbon storage
definition: The addition of clay minerals to sandy soils.
  source: Adapted from Grover, S.P., Butterly, C.R., Wang, X., Gleeson, D.B., Macdonald, L.M., Hall, D., Tang, C., 2020. An agricultural practise with climate and food security benefits: “Claying” with kaolinitic clay subsoil decreased soil carbon priming and mineralisation in sandy cropping soils. Science of The Total Environment 709, 134488.
  source: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134488
broader: Fertilisers and amendments management

Liming
type: Concept
in scheme: Thesaurus to define land management practices in agriculture and forestry for soil carbon storage
definition: Addition of calcium or calcium-magnesium amendments to the soil, such as calcium carbonate (lime), calcium-magnesium carbonate (dolomitic lime), calcium oxide, or calcium hydroxide.
  source: Authors Data4C, adapted from Paradelo, R., Virto, I., Chenu, C., 2015. Net effect of liming on soil organic carbon stocks: A review. Agriculture, Ecosystems Environment 202, 98–107.
  source: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2015.01.005
broader: Fertilisers and amendments management

No-till
type: Concept
in scheme: Thesaurus to define land management practices in agriculture and forestry for soil carbon storage
definition:
  source: FAO, 2015. World Programme for the Census of Agriculture 2020. Volume 1 Programme, Concepts and Definitions. FAO, Rome
  source: http://www.fao.org/3/i4913e/i4913e.pdf
  value: Zero tillage or no tillage does not involve any tillage operations on arable land. After the seeding operation, not more than 25 percent of the soil surface is allowed to be disturbed. The soils are always covered, including for the period between harvest and sowing. The stubble is retained and the soil surface is covered by residue mulch or stubble for erosion control.
broader: Tillage management

Intermediate intensity tillage
type: Concept
in scheme: Thesaurus to define land management practices in agriculture and forestry for soil carbon storage
definition:
  source: Authors DATA4C+, modified after Haddaway et al. 2017. Haddaway, N.R., Hedlund, K., Jackson, L.E., Kätterer, T., Lugato, E., Thomsen, I.K., Jørgensen, H.B., Isberg, P.-E., 2017. How does tillage intensity affect soil organic carbon? A systematic review. Environmental Evidence 6, 30.
  source: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13750-017-0108-9
  value: Any non-inversion tillage practice performed above 40 cm depth (e.g. chisel tillage, disk tillage, mulch tillage). These tillage practices are often referred as "Reduced tillage", "Minimum tillage", or "Conservation tillage"
broader: Tillage management

High intensity tillage
type: Concept
in scheme: Thesaurus to define land management practices in agriculture and forestry for soil carbon storage
definition:
  source: Authors DATA4C+, modified after Haddaway et al. 2017. Haddaway, N.R., Hedlund, K., Jackson, L.E., Kätterer, T., Lugato, E., Thomsen, I.K., Jørgensen, H.B., Isberg, P.-E., 2017. How does tillage intensity affect soil organic carbon? A systematic review. Environmental Evidence 6, 30.
  source: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13750-017-0108-9
  value: Any inversion tillage practice (e.g. mouldboard ploughing), or any non-inversion tillage practice performed to 40 cm depth or below (e.g. subsoiling, very deep chisel or disk tillage). These tillage practices are often referred as "Conventionnal tillage" in the literature, and may be followed by a secondary tillage practice to prepare seedbed
broader: Tillage management

Strip tillage
type: Concept
in scheme: Thesaurus to define land management practices in agriculture and forestry for soil carbon storage
definition: Strips are tilled to receive the seed while the soil along the intervening bands is not disturbed and remains covered with residues such as mulch.
  source: FAO, 2015. World Programme for the Census of Agriculture 2020. Volume 1 Programme, Concepts and Definitions. FAO, Rome.
  source: http://www.fao.org/3/i4913e/i4913e.pdf
broader: Tillage management

Irrigation
type: Concept
in scheme: Thesaurus to define land management practices in agriculture and forestry for soil carbon storage
definition:
  source: FAO, 2015. World Programme for the Census of Agriculture 2020. Volume 1 Programme, Concepts and Definitions. FAO, Rome.
  source: http://www.fao.org/3/i4913e/i4913e.pdf
  value: Irrigation refers to purposely providing land with water, other than rain, for improving pastures or crop production. Irrigation usually implies the existence of infrastructure and equipment for applying water to crops, such as irrigation canals, pumps, sprinklers or localized watering systems. However, it also includes manual watering of plants using buckets, watering cans or other devices. Uncontrolled land flooding by overflowing of rivers or streams is not considered irrigation. Variate associated annual water from irriagation are expressed in m3/ha/year.
broader: Water management

Drainage
type: Concept
in scheme: Thesaurus to define land management practices in agriculture and forestry for soil carbon storage
definition:
  source: FAO, 2015. World Programme for the Census of Agriculture 2020. Volume 1 Programme, Concepts and Definitions. FAO, Rome.
  source: http://www.fao.org/3/i4913e/i4913e.pdf
  value: For the purpose of the agricultural census, drainage means the artificial removal of excess surface water or groundwater – together with dissolved substances – from the land surface by means of surface or subsurface conduits, to enhance agricultural production. It does not include natural drainage of excess water into lakes, swamps and rivers.
broader: Water management

Water management in paddy fields
type: Concept
in scheme: Thesaurus to define land management practices in agriculture and forestry for soil carbon storage
definition:
  source: Hussain, S., Peng, S., Fahad, S., Khaliq, A., Huang, J., Cui, K., Nie, L., 2015. Rice management interventions to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions: a review. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 22, 3342–3360.
  source: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-014-3760-4
  value: Water management in rice paddy fields involves the management of water table through the timing of irrigation and drainage of the fields, and has a strong effect on soil carbon dynamic and GHG emissions (e.g. Hussain et al. 2015).
broader: Water management
narrower: Flooded paddy fields

Progressive bench terrasse
type: Concept
in scheme: Thesaurus to define land management practices in agriculture and forestry for soil carbon storage
definition: Bench terraces are progressively expanded to form a fully developed terrace system in order to reduce runoff and soil erosion on medium- to high- angled loess slopes.
  source: WOCAT glossary
  source: https://qcat.wocat.net/fr/wocat/technologies/view/technologies_1522/
broader: Erosion control

Rockwall terracing
type: Concept
in scheme: Thesaurus to define land management practices in agriculture and forestry for soil carbon storage
definition: Rockwall terracing refers to the piling of stones or rocks along contour lines to reduce soil erosion in hilly areas.
  source: WOCAT glossary
  source: https://qcat.wocat.net/en/wocat/technologies/view/technologies_1700/
broader: Erosion control

Zaï
type: Concept
in scheme: Thesaurus to define land management practices in agriculture and forestry for soil carbon storage
definition:
  source: Partey, S.T., Zougmoré, R.B., Ouédraogo, M., Campbell, B.M., 2018. Developing climate-smart agriculture to face climate variability in West Africa: Challenges and lessons learnt. Journal of Cleaner Production 187, 285–295.
  source: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.03.199
  value: Zai involves digging pits at 20-40 cm diameter and 10-15 cm depth to accumulate water before subsequent planting with or without the application of organic resources such as compost, plant residues and animal manure.
broader: Erosion control

Semi-circular bunds or half moon
type: Concept
in scheme: Thesaurus to define land management practices in agriculture and forestry for soil carbon storage
definition:
  source: WOCAT glossary
  source: https://qcat.wocat.net/en/wocat/technologies/view/technologies_1614/
  value: Semi-circular bunds are used to rehabilitate degraded, denuded and hardened land for crop growing, grazing or forestry. This technique involves building low embankments with compacted earth or stones in the form of a semi-circle with the opening perpendicular to the flow of water and arranged in staggered rows. They are constructed on gently to moderately sloping pediments and plateau areas in order to rehabilitate areas that are degraded, denuded and/or affected by soil crusting.
broader: Erosion control

Soil bund with contour cultivation
type: Concept
in scheme: Thesaurus to define land management practices in agriculture and forestry for soil carbon storage
definition: It is a structural measure with an embankment of soil or stones or soil and stones, constructed along the contour and stabilized with vegetative measures (grass and fodder trees).
  source: WOCAT glossary
  source: https://qcat.wocat.net/en/wocat/technologies/view/technologies_1073/
broader: Erosion control

Traditional cut-off drain
type: Concept
in scheme: Thesaurus to define land management practices in agriculture and forestry for soil carbon storage
definition: Graded ditch out of soil and stones to protect the fields below from water runoff. It can be done across several land uses types.
  source: WOCAT glossary
  source: https://qcat.wocat.net/en/wocat/technologies/view/technologies_1467/
broader: Erosion control

Vegetated strips
type: Concept
in scheme: Thesaurus to define land management practices in agriculture and forestry for soil carbon storage
definition: Within individual cropland plots, strips of land are marked out on the contour and left un-ploughed in order to form permanent, cross-slope barriers of naturally established grasses and herbs.
  source: WOCAT glossary
  source: https://qcat.wocat.net/fr/wocat/technologies/view/technologies_1133/
broader: Erosion control

Burning
type: Concept
in scheme: Thesaurus to define land management practices in agriculture and forestry for soil carbon storage
definition: Wood or weeds fully burnt on the plot.
  source: Adapted from Courte, A., Cialdella, N., Muller, A., Blanfort, V., Bochu, J.-L., Brossard, M., 2020. Recenser et évaluer les pratiques agricoles qui stockent le carbone des sols, premier pas vers une agriculture à faible impact en Guyane. Cahiers Agricultures 29, 21.
  source: https://doi.org/10.1051/cagri/2020019
broader: Land clearing management

Bulldozer
type: Concept
in scheme: Thesaurus to define land management practices in agriculture and forestry for soil carbon storage
definition: Mechanically timber scraping
  source: Adapted from Courte, A., Cialdella, N., Muller, A., Blanfort, V., Bochu, J.-L., Brossard, M., 2020. Recenser et évaluer les pratiques agricoles qui stockent le carbone des sols, premier pas vers une agriculture à faible impact en Guyane. Cahiers Agricultures 29, 21.
  source: https://doi.org/10.1051/cagri/2020019
broader: Land clearing management

Burning bulldozer
type: Concept
in scheme: Thesaurus to define land management practices in agriculture and forestry for soil carbon storage
definition: Combined use of the two clearing methods. Fire allows clearing of the underwood before the bulldozer passes through to lay down the remaining wood and proceed with the skidding.
  source: Adapted from Courte, A., Cialdella, N., Muller, A., Blanfort, V., Bochu, J.-L., Brossard, M., 2020. Recenser et évaluer les pratiques agricoles qui stockent le carbone des sols, premier pas vers une agriculture à faible impact en Guyane. Cahiers Agricultures 29, 21.
  source: https://doi.org/10.1051/cagri/2020019
broader: Land clearing management

Slash and burn
type: Concept
in scheme: Thesaurus to define land management practices in agriculture and forestry for soil carbon storage
definition:
  source: Palm, C., Vosti, S.A., Sanchez, P.A., Ericksen, P.J., 2005. Slash-and-burn agriculture: the search for alternatives. Columbia University Press
  value: Slashing the forest with chainsaws, axes, and machetes and burning the felled vegetation after it has dried. Note that this definition does not refer to shifting cultivation, i.e. the cropping system of alternating fallow and cropping periods with slash and burn of the fallow growing vegetation.
broader: Land clearing management

Chop-and-mulch
type: Concept
in scheme: Thesaurus to define land management practices in agriculture and forestry for soil carbon storage
definition: The underwood and tree stumps are shredded to form a mulch before using light equipment to harvest trunks >20 cm in diameter.
  source: Courte, A., Cialdella, N., Muller, A., Blanfort, V., Bochu, J.-L., Brossard, M., 2020. Recenser et évaluer les pratiques agricoles qui stockent le carbone des sols, premier pas vers une agriculture à faible impact en Guyane; Kato, M.S.A., Kato, O.R., Denich, M., Vlek, P.L.G., 1999. Fire-free alternatives to slash-and-burn for shifting cultivation in the eastern Amazon region: the role of fertilisers. Field Crops Research 62, 225–237.
  source: https://doi.org/10.1051/cagri/2020019
broader: Land clearing management

Plant breeding
type: Concept
in scheme: Thesaurus to define land management practices in agriculture and forestry for soil carbon storage
definition:
  source: WOCAT glossary
  source: https://wocatpedia.net/wiki/Category:Improved_Plant_Varieties_and_Animal_Breeds
  value: Refers to the development of new plant varieties that offer benefits such as improved production, resistance to pests and diseases, or drought tolerance, in response to changing environmental conditions and land users’ needs.
broader: Plant management

Shredded
type: Concept
in scheme: Thesaurus to define land management practices in agriculture and forestry for soil carbon storage
definition: Minimal management of grassland through shredding aboveground biomass, without harvesting nor grazing.
  source: Adapted from Boulonne, L., 2011. DONESOL version 2.0.5. Dictionnaire de données pour les tables relatives aux données d’enquêtes agronomiques.
broader: Biomass management

Hayed
type: Concept
in scheme: Thesaurus to define land management practices in agriculture and forestry for soil carbon storage
definition: Haying grassland for fodder production.
  source: Adapted from Boulonne, L., 2011. DONESOL version 2.0.5. Dictionnaire de données pour les tables relatives aux données d’enquêtes agronomiques.
broader: Biomass management

Introduction of leguminous species
type: Concept
in scheme: Thesaurus to define land management practices in agriculture and forestry for soil carbon storage
definition: Introduction of plant species from the Fabaceae family.
  source: Authors Data4C+
broader: Plant management

Introduction of deep-rooted grasses
type: Concept
in scheme: Thesaurus to define land management practices in agriculture and forestry for soil carbon storage
definition: Introduction of deep-rooted grasses species.
  source: Authors Data4C+
broader: Plant management

Agroforestry
type: Concept
in scheme: Thesaurus to define land management practices in agriculture and forestry for soil carbon storage
definition:
  source: Adapted from FAO, 2015. World Programme for the Census of Agriculture 2020. Volume 1 Programme, Concepts and Definitions. FAO, Rome.
  source: http://www.fao.org/3/i4913e/i4913e.pdf
  value: Agroforestry is a sustainable land management system in which forest species of trees and other wooded plants are purposely grown on the same land as agricultural crops or livestock, either concurrently or in rotation.
broader: Plant management
narrower: Silvopastures

Grazed
type: Concept
in scheme: Thesaurus to define land management practices in agriculture and forestry for soil carbon storage
definition: Grassland grazing by animals.
  source: Adapted from Boulonne, L., 2011. DONESOL version 2.0.5. Dictionnaire de données pour les tables relatives aux données d’enquêtes agronomiques.
broader: Biomass management
narrower: Grazing management

Hayed and grazed
type: Concept
in scheme: Thesaurus to define land management practices in agriculture and forestry for soil carbon storage
definition: Grassland hayed and grazed.
  source: Adapted from Boulonne, L., 2011. DONESOL version 2.0.5. Dictionnaire de données pour les tables relatives aux données d’enquêtes agronomiques.
broader: Biomass management

Woody regrowths management
type: Concept
in scheme: Thesaurus to define land management practices in agriculture and forestry for soil carbon storage
definition: Management of the woody plants that spontaneously invade agricultural areas and may lead to woody encroachment.
  source: Authors Data4c+
broader: Biomass management
narrower: Shredded woody regrowths

Fire exclusion
type: Concept
in scheme: Thesaurus to define land management practices in agriculture and forestry for soil carbon storage
definition:
  source: FAO/GFMC, 1999. Revision of the FAO Wildland Fire Management Terminology.
  source: http://gfmc.online/wp-content/uploads/GFMC-FAO-Fire-Management-Glossary-1999-edited-2018.pdf
  value: Planned (systematic) protection of an ecosystem from any wildfire, including any prescribed fire, by all means of fire prevention and suppression in order to obtain management objectives (cf. Fire Control).
broader: Fire management

Uncontrolled fire
type: Concept
in scheme: Thesaurus to define land management practices in agriculture and forestry for soil carbon storage
definition:
  source: FAO/GFMC, 1999. Revision of the FAO Wildland Fire Management Terminology.
  source: http://gfmc.online/wp-content/uploads/GFMC-FAO-Fire-Management-Glossary-1999-edited-2018.pdf
  value: Any fire which threatens to destroy life, property, or natural resources, and (a) is not burning within the confines of firebreaks, or (b) is burning with such intensity that it could not be readily extinguished with ordinary tools commonly available.
broader: Fire management

Prescribed burning
type: Concept
in scheme: Thesaurus to define land management practices in agriculture and forestry for soil carbon storage
definition:
  source: FAO/GFMC, 1999. Revision of the FAO Wildland Fire Management Terminology.
  source: http://gfmc.online/wp-content/uploads/GFMC-FAO-Fire-Management-Glossary-1999-edited-2018.pdf
  value: Controlled application of fire to vegetation in either their natural or modified state, under specified environmental conditions which allow the fire to be confined to a predetermined area and at the same time to produce the intensity of heat and rate of spread required to attain planned resource management objectives (cf. Prescribed Fire). Note: This term has replaced the earlier term "Controlled Burning".
broader: Fire management
narrower: Broadcast burning

Biochar
type: Concept
in scheme: Thesaurus to define land management practices in agriculture and forestry for soil carbon storage
definition:
  source: IBI, 2018. Frequently Asked Questions About Biochar: What is biochar? International Biochar Initiative (IBI) cited by IPCC, 2019. Annex I: Glossary, in: van Diemen, R. (Ed.), Climate Change and Land: An IPCC Special Report on Climate Change, Desertification, Land Degradation, Sustainable Land Management, Food Security, and Greenhouse Gas Fluxes in Terrestrial Ecosystems.
  source: https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/sites/4/2019/11/11_Annex-I-Glossary.pdf
  value: Relatively stable, carbon-rich material produced by heating biomass in an oxygen-limited environment. Biochar is also distinguished from charcoal by its application: biochar is used as a soil amendment with the intention to improve soil functions and to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from biomass that would otherwise decompose rapidly.
broader: Fertilisers and amendments

Clay amendment
type: Concept
in scheme: Thesaurus to define land management practices in agriculture and forestry for soil carbon storage
definition: The addition of clay minerals to sandy soils.
  source: Adapted from Grover, S.P., Butterly, C.R., Wang, X., Gleeson, D.B., Macdonald, L.M., Hall, D., Tang, C., 2020. An agricultural practise with climate and food security benefits: “Claying” with kaolinitic clay subsoil decreased soil carbon priming and mineralisation in sandy cropping soils. Science of The Total Environment 709, 134488.
  source: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134488
broader: Fertilisers and amendments

Liming
type: Concept
in scheme: Thesaurus to define land management practices in agriculture and forestry for soil carbon storage
definition: Addition of calcium or calcium-magnesium amendments to the soil, such as calcium carbonate (lime), calcium-magnesium carbonate (dolomitic lime), calcium oxide, or calcium hydroxide.
  source: Authors Data4C, adapted from Paradelo, R., Virto, I., Chenu, C., 2015. Net effect of liming on soil organic carbon stocks: A review. Agriculture, Ecosystems Environment 202, 98–107.
  source: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2015.01.005
broader: Fertilisers and amendments

Herbivory regulation
type: Concept
in scheme: Thesaurus to define land management practices in agriculture and forestry for soil carbon storage
definition: The control of wild ungulates and livestock through exclusion perimeters or culling.
  source: Authors Data4C+
broader: Animal management

Organic fertilisation
type: Concept
in scheme: Thesaurus to define land management practices in agriculture and forestry for soil carbon storage
definition:
  source: Eurostat glossary
  source: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php
  value: Fertilisers derived from organic origin such as animal products (e.g. livestock manure, dried blood, hoof, and bone meal), plant residues or derived from human activities (e.g. sewage sludge). Organic fertilisers contain carbon (C) and nutrients of solely biological origin and exclude material which is fossilized or embedded in geological formations.
broader: Fertilisers and amendments
narrower: Exogenous organic matter

Mineral fertilisation
type: Concept
in scheme: Thesaurus to define land management practices in agriculture and forestry for soil carbon storage
definition:
  source: Eurostat glossary
  source: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php
  value: Fertilisers manufactured by a chemical/industrial process or mined as opposed to organic material that contains carbon. They are also called chemical fertilisers, artificial fertilisers or inorganic fertiliser.
broader: Fertilisers and amendments

Organo-mineral fertilisation
type: Concept
in scheme: Thesaurus to define land management practices in agriculture and forestry for soil carbon storage
definition: Mix of fertilisation based on organic and mineral fertilisation.
  source: Authors Data4c+
broader: Fertilisers and amendments

Biochar
type: Concept
in scheme: Thesaurus to define land management practices in agriculture and forestry for soil carbon storage
definition:
  source: IBI, 2018. Frequently Asked Questions About Biochar: What is biochar? International Biochar Initiative (IBI) cited by IPCC, 2019. Annex I: Glossary, in: van Diemen, R. (Ed.), Climate Change and Land: An IPCC Special Report on Climate Change, Desertification, Land Degradation, Sustainable Land Management, Food Security, and Greenhouse Gas Fluxes in Terrestrial Ecosystems.
  source: https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/sites/4/2019/11/11_Annex-I-Glossary.pdf
  value: Relatively stable, carbon-rich material produced by heating biomass in an oxygen-limited environment. Biochar is also distinguished from charcoal by its application: biochar is used as a soil amendment with the intention to improve soil functions and to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from biomass that would otherwise decompose rapidly.
broader: Fertilisers and amendments

Burning
type: Concept
in scheme: Thesaurus to define land management practices in agriculture and forestry for soil carbon storage
definition: Wood or weeds fully burnt on the plot.
  source: Adapted from Courte, A., Cialdella, N., Muller, A., Blanfort, V., Bochu, J.-L., Brossard, M., 2020. Recenser et évaluer les pratiques agricoles qui stockent le carbone des sols, premier pas vers une agriculture à faible impact en Guyane. Cahiers Agricultures 29, 21.
  source: https://doi.org/10.1051/cagri/2020019
broader: Land clearing management

Bulldozer
type: Concept
in scheme: Thesaurus to define land management practices in agriculture and forestry for soil carbon storage
definition: Mechanically timber scraping
  source: Adapted from Courte, A., Cialdella, N., Muller, A., Blanfort, V., Bochu, J.-L., Brossard, M., 2020. Recenser et évaluer les pratiques agricoles qui stockent le carbone des sols, premier pas vers une agriculture à faible impact en Guyane. Cahiers Agricultures 29, 21.
  source: https://doi.org/10.1051/cagri/2020019
broader: Land clearing management

Burning bulldozer
type: Concept
in scheme: Thesaurus to define land management practices in agriculture and forestry for soil carbon storage
definition: Combined use of the two clearing methods. Fire allows clearing of the underwood before the bulldozer passes through to lay down the remaining wood and proceed with the skidding.
  source: Adapted from Courte, A., Cialdella, N., Muller, A., Blanfort, V., Bochu, J.-L., Brossard, M., 2020. Recenser et évaluer les pratiques agricoles qui stockent le carbone des sols, premier pas vers une agriculture à faible impact en Guyane. Cahiers Agricultures 29, 21.
  source: https://doi.org/10.1051/cagri/2020019
broader: Land clearing management

Slash and burn
type: Concept
in scheme: Thesaurus to define land management practices in agriculture and forestry for soil carbon storage
definition:
  source: Palm, C., Vosti, S.A., Sanchez, P.A., Ericksen, P.J., 2005. Slash-and-burn agriculture: the search for alternatives. Columbia University Press
  value: Slashing the forest with chainsaws, axes, and machetes and burning the felled vegetation after it has dried. Note that this definition does not refer to shifting cultivation, i.e. the cropping system of alternating fallow and cropping periods with slash and burn of the fallow growing vegetation.
broader: Land clearing management

Clay amendment
type: Concept
in scheme: Thesaurus to define land management practices in agriculture and forestry for soil carbon storage
definition: The addition of clay minerals to sandy soils.
  source: Adapted from Grover, S.P., Butterly, C.R., Wang, X., Gleeson, D.B., Macdonald, L.M., Hall, D., Tang, C., 2020. An agricultural practise with climate and food security benefits: “Claying” with kaolinitic clay subsoil decreased soil carbon priming and mineralisation in sandy cropping soils. Science of The Total Environment 709, 134488.
  source: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134488
broader: Fertilisers and amendments

Liming
type: Concept
in scheme: Thesaurus to define land management practices in agriculture and forestry for soil carbon storage
definition: Addition of calcium or calcium-magnesium amendments to the soil, such as calcium carbonate (lime), calcium-magnesium carbonate (dolomitic lime), calcium oxide, or calcium hydroxide.
  source: Authors Data4c+, adapted from Paradelo, R., Virto, I., Chenu, C., 2015. Net effect of liming on soil organic carbon stocks: A review. Agriculture, Ecosystems Environment 202, 98–107.
  source: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2015.01.005
broader: Fertilisers and amendments

Chop-and-mulch
type: Concept
in scheme: Thesaurus to define land management practices in agriculture and forestry for soil carbon storage
definition: The underwood and tree stumps are shredded to form a mulch before using light equipment to harvest trunks >20 cm in diameter.
  source: Courte, A., Cialdella, N., Muller, A., Blanfort, V., Bochu, J.-L., Brossard, M., 2020. Recenser et évaluer les pratiques agricoles qui stockent le carbone des sols, premier pas vers une agriculture à faible impact en Guyane; Kato, M.S.A., Kato, O.R., Denich, M., Vlek, P.L.G., 1999. Fire-free alternatives to slash-and-burn for shifting cultivation in the eastern Amazon region: the role of fertilisers. Field Crops Research 62, 225–237.
  source: https://doi.org/10.1051/cagri/2020019
broader: Land clearing management

Stand management
type: Concept
in scheme: Thesaurus to define land management practices in agriculture and forestry for soil carbon storage
definition: The regeneration scheme of the stand
  source: Adapted from Yoshimoto, A., Asante, P., Konoshima, M., 2016. Stand-Level Forest Management Planning Approaches. Curr Forestry Rep 2, 163–176.
  source: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40725-016-0041-0
broader: Plant management
narrower: Coppice

Management of tree species diversity
type: Concept
in scheme: Thesaurus to define land management practices in agriculture and forestry for soil carbon storage
definition: The management of tree species diversity in a stand
  source: Authors Data4C+
broader: Plant management
narrower: Pure stand

Trees species selection
type: Concept
in scheme: Thesaurus to define land management practices in agriculture and forestry for soil carbon storage
definition: The selection of tree species according to their botanical group
  source: Authors Data4C+
broader: Plant management
narrower: Broadleaved

Selection of species with N-fixing capacities
type: Concept
in scheme: Thesaurus to define land management practices in agriculture and forestry for soil carbon storage
definition: Introduction of Nitrogen Fixing Trees (NFT) or woody species known to support free-living N-fixers in soil
  source: Authors Data4c+
broader: Plant management

Harvesting
type: Concept
in scheme: Thesaurus to define land management practices in agriculture and forestry for soil carbon storage
definition:
  source: Dykstra, D.P., Heinrich, R., 1996. FAO model code of forest harvesting practice. FAO.
  value: The aggregation of all operations, including pre-harvest planning and postharvest assessment, related to the felling of trees and the extraction of their stems or other usable parts from the forest for subsequent processing into industrial products. Also called timber harvesting
broader: Biomass management
narrower: Harvest type

Mineral fertilisation
type: Concept
in scheme: Thesaurus to define land management practices in agriculture and forestry for soil carbon storage
definition:
  source: Authors Data4C+
  value: Fertilisers manufactured by a chemical/industrial process or mined as opposed to organic material that contains carbon. They are also called chemical fertilisers, artificial fertilisers or inorganic fertiliser.
broader: Fertilisers and amendments

Organic fertilisation
type: Concept
in scheme: Thesaurus to define land management practices in agriculture and forestry for soil carbon storage
definition:
  source: Authors Data4C+
  value: Fertilisers derived from organic origin such as animal products (e.g. livestock manure, dried blood, hoof and bone meal), plant residues or human origin (e.g. sewage sludge). Organic fertilisers contain carbon (C) and nutrients of solely biological origin and exclude material which is fossilized or embedded in geological formations.
broader: Fertilisers and amendments
narrower: Exogenous organic matter

Organo-mineral fertilisation
type: Concept
in scheme: Thesaurus to define land management practices in agriculture and forestry for soil carbon storage
definition: Mix of fertilisation based on organic and mineral fertilisation.
  source: Authors Data4c+
broader: Fertilisers and amendments

Mole ploughing
type: Concept
in scheme: Thesaurus to define land management practices in agriculture and forestry for soil carbon storage
definition: Deep tillage realised with a subsoiler.
  source: Adapted from Boulonne, L., 2011. DONESOL version 2.0.5. Dictionnaire de données pour les tables relatives aux données d’enquêtes agronomiques.
broader: Tillage management

Ploughing
type: Concept
in scheme: Thesaurus to define land management practices in agriculture and forestry for soil carbon storage
definition: Full inversion tillage realised with a plough at 20-30 cm depth.
  source: Adapted from Boulonne, L., 2011. DONESOL version 2.0.5. Dictionnaire de données pour les tables relatives aux données d’enquêtes agronomiques.
broader: Tillage management

Surface tillage
type: Concept
in scheme: Thesaurus to define land management practices in agriculture and forestry for soil carbon storage
definition: Tillage realised at 15-20 cm depth with disc or shank cultivators, without inversion.
  source: Adapted from Boulonne, L., 2011. DONESOL version 2.0.5. Dictionnaire de données pour les tables relatives aux données d’enquêtes agronomiques.
broader: Tillage management

Fire exclusion
type: Concept
in scheme: Thesaurus to define land management practices in agriculture and forestry for soil carbon storage
definition:
  source: FAO/GFMC, 1999. Revision of the FAO Wildland Fire Management Terminology.
  source: http://gfmc.online/wp-content/uploads/GFMC-FAO-Fire-Management-Glossary-1999-edited-2018.pdf
  value: Planned (systematic) protection of an ecosystem from any wildfire, including any prescribed fire, by all means of fire prevention and suppression in order to obtain management objectives (cf. Fire Control).
broader: Fire management

Burning
type: Concept
in scheme: Thesaurus to define land management practices in agriculture and forestry for soil carbon storage
definition: Wood or weeds fully burnt on the plot.
  source: Adapted from Courte, A., Cialdella, N., Muller, A., Blanfort, V., Bochu, J.-L., Brossard, M., 2020. Recenser et évaluer les pratiques agricoles qui stockent le carbone des sols, premier pas vers une agriculture à faible impact en Guyane. Cahiers Agricultures 29, 21.
  source: https://doi.org/10.1051/cagri/2020019
broader: Land clearing management

Bulldozer
type: Concept
in scheme: Thesaurus to define land management practices in agriculture and forestry for soil carbon storage
definition: Mechanically timber scraping
  source: Adapted from Courte, A., Cialdella, N., Muller, A., Blanfort, V., Bochu, J.-L., Brossard, M., 2020. Recenser et évaluer les pratiques agricoles qui stockent le carbone des sols, premier pas vers une agriculture à faible impact en Guyane. Cahiers Agricultures 29, 21.
  source: https://doi.org/10.1051/cagri/2020019
broader: Land clearing management

Burning bulldozer
type: Concept
in scheme: Thesaurus to define land management practices in agriculture and forestry for soil carbon storage
definition: Combined use of the two clearing methods. Fire allows clearing of the underwood before the bulldozer passes through to lay down the remaining wood and proceed with the skidding.
  source: Adapted from Courte, A., Cialdella, N., Muller, A., Blanfort, V., Bochu, J.-L., Brossard, M., 2020. Recenser et évaluer les pratiques agricoles qui stockent le carbone des sols, premier pas vers une agriculture à faible impact en Guyane. Cahiers Agricultures 29, 21.
  source: https://doi.org/10.1051/cagri/2020019
broader: Land clearing management

Slash and burn
type: Concept
in scheme: Thesaurus to define land management practices in agriculture and forestry for soil carbon storage
definition:
  source: Palm, C., Vosti, S.A., Sanchez, P.A., Ericksen, P.J., 2005. Slash-and-burn agriculture: the search for alternatives. Columbia University Press
  value: Slashing the forest with chainsaws, axes, and machetes and burning the felled vegetation after it has dried. Note that this definition does not refer to shifting cultivation, i.e. the cropping system of alternating fallow and cropping periods with slash and burn of the fallow growing vegetation.
broader: Land clearing management

Chop-and-mulch
type: Concept
in scheme: Thesaurus to define land management practices in agriculture and forestry for soil carbon storage
definition: The underwood and tree stumps are shredded to form a mulch before using light equipment to harvest trunks >20 cm in diameter.
  source: 1. Courte, A., Cialdella, N., Muller, A., Blanfort, V., Bochu, J.-L., Brossard, M., 2020. Recenser et évaluer les pratiques agricoles qui stockent le carbone des sols, premier pas vers une agriculture à faible impact en Guyane. Cahiers Agricultures 29, 21. 2. Kato, M.S.A., Kato, O.R., Denich, M., Vlek, P.L.G., 1999. Fire-free alternatives to slash-and-burn for shifting cultivation in the eastern Amazon region: the role of fertilisers. Field Crops Research 62, 225–237.
  source: https://doi.org/10.1051/cagri/2020019
broader: Land clearing management

Rotation of annual and perennial crops
type: Concept
in scheme: Thesaurus to define land management practices in agriculture and forestry for soil carbon storage
definition: The growing of alternating species of annual and perennial crops.
  source: Authors Data4C+
broader: Crop rotation

Cover crops
type: Concept
in scheme: Thesaurus to define land management practices in agriculture and forestry for soil carbon storage
definition: Non-harvested crop grown in between two main crop seasons, mainly intended to protect the structural aspects of soil fertility and reduce erosion
  source: Landmark glossary
  source: http://landmark2020.eu/glossary/cover-crop/
broader: Crop rotation

Temporary grassland in crop rotation
type: Concept
in scheme: Thesaurus to define land management practices in agriculture and forestry for soil carbon storage
definition: Land temporarily cultivated with herbaceous forage crops for mowing or pasture. A period of less than five years is used to differentiate between temporary and permanent meadows and pastures.
  source: FAO, 2015. World Programme for the Census of Agriculture 2020. Volume 1 Programme, Concepts and Definitions. FAO, Rome.
  source: http://www.fao.org/3/i4913e/i4913e.pdf
broader: Crop rotation

Rotation of annual crops
type: Concept
in scheme: Thesaurus to define land management practices in agriculture and forestry for soil carbon storage
definition: The growing of alternating species of annual crops, harvested and planted at each cultural cycle.
  source: Authors Data4C+
broader: Crop rotation

Permanent plant cover
type: Concept
in scheme: Thesaurus to define land management practices in agriculture and forestry for soil carbon storage
definition: Maintenance of continuous plant cover; alternating crops and cover crops as a practice to improve soil quality and reduce diffuse agricultural water pollution.
  source: Adapted from WOCAT Glossary
  source: https://qcat.wocat.net/en/wocat/technologies/view/technologies_1217/
broader: Crop rotation

Alley cropping
type: Concept
in scheme: Thesaurus to define land management practices in agriculture and forestry for soil carbon storage
definition:
  source: Cardinael, R., Umulisa, V., Toudert, A., Olivier, A., Bockel, L., Bernoux, M., 2018. Revisiting IPCC Tier 1 coefficients for soil organic and biomass carbon storage in agroforestry systems. Environmental Research Letters 13, 124020. Adapted from Nair, P.K.R., Kumar, B.M., Nair, V.D., 2009. Agroforestry as a strategy for carbon sequestration. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science 172, 10–23.
  source: https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aaeb5f
  value: Fast-growing, usually leguminous, woody species (mainly shrubs) grown in crop fields, usually at high densities. The woody species are regularly pruned and the prunings are applied as mulch into the alleys as a source of organic matter and nutrients. Usually found in tropical regions. Sometimes referred as ‘intercropping systems’.
broader: Agroforestry

Hedgerows
type: Concept
in scheme: Thesaurus to define land management practices in agriculture and forestry for soil carbon storage
definition: They consist of linear plantation around the fields. They include also shelterbelts, windbreaks and live fences.
  source: Cardinael, R., Umulisa, V., Toudert, A., Olivier, A., Bockel, L., Bernoux, M., 2018. Revisiting IPCC Tier 1 coefficients for soil organic and biomass carbon storage in agroforestry systems. Environmental Research Letters 13, 124020. Adapted from Nair, P.K.R., Kumar, B.M., Nair, V.D., 2009. Agroforestry as a strategy for carbon sequestration. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science 172, 10–23.
  source: https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aaeb5f
broader: Agroforestry

Multistrata systems
type: Concept
in scheme: Thesaurus to define land management practices in agriculture and forestry for soil carbon storage
definition: Multistorey combinations of a large number of various trees at high density, and perennial and annual.
  source: Cardinael, R., Umulisa, V., Toudert, A., Olivier, A., Bockel, L., Bernoux, M., 2018. Revisiting IPCC Tier 1 coefficients for soil organic and biomass carbon storage in agroforestry systems. Environmental Research Letters 13, 124020. Adapted from Nair, P.K.R., Kumar, B.M., Nair, V.D., 2009. Agroforestry as a strategy for carbon sequestration. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science 172, 10–23.
  source: https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aaeb5f
broader: Agroforestry

Fallows
type: Concept
in scheme: Thesaurus to define land management practices in agriculture and forestry for soil carbon storage
definition: Only sequential agroforestry system considered here. Include both improved and natural fallows.
  source: Cardinael, R., Umulisa, V., Toudert, A., Olivier, A., Bockel, L., Bernoux, M., 2018. Revisiting IPCC Tier 1 coefficients for soil organic and biomass carbon storage in agroforestry systems. Environmental Research Letters 13, 124020. Adapted from Nair, P.K.R., Kumar, B.M., Nair, V.D., 2009. Agroforestry as a strategy for carbon sequestration. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science 172, 10–23.
  source: https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aaeb5f
broader: Agroforestry

Parklands
type: Concept
in scheme: Thesaurus to define land management practices in agriculture and forestry for soil carbon storage
definition: Intercropping of agricultural crops or grazing land under low density mature scattered trees. Typical of dry areas like Sahel (e.g. Faidherbia albida).
  source: Cardinael, R., Umulisa, V., Toudert, A., Olivier, A., Bockel, L., Bernoux, M., 2018. Revisiting IPCC Tier 1 coefficients for soil organic and biomass carbon storage in agroforestry systems. Environmental Research Letters 13, 124020. Adapted from Nair, P.K.R., Kumar, B.M., Nair, V.D., 2009. Agroforestry as a strategy for carbon sequestration. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science 172, 10–23.
  source: https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aaeb5f
broader: Agroforestry

Shaded perennial-crop systems
type: Concept
in scheme: Thesaurus to define land management practices in agriculture and forestry for soil carbon storage
definition: Growing shade-tolerant species such as cacao and coffee under, or in between, overstorey shade trees thatcan be used for timber or other commercial tree products.
  source: Cardinael, R., Umulisa, V., Toudert, A., Olivier, A., Bockel, L., Bernoux, M., 2018. Revisiting IPCC Tier 1 coefficients for soil organic and biomass carbon storage in agroforestry systems. Environmental Research Letters 13, 124020. Adapted from Nair, P.K.R., Kumar, B.M., Nair, V.D., 2009. Agroforestry as a strategy for carbon sequestration. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science 172, 10–23.
  source: https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aaeb5f
broader: Agroforestry

Silvo-arable systems
type: Concept
in scheme: Thesaurus to define land management practices in agriculture and forestry for soil carbon storage
definition:
  source: Cardinael, R., Umulisa, V., Toudert, A., Olivier, A., Bockel, L., Bernoux, M., 2018. Revisiting IPCC Tier 1 coefficients for soil organic and biomass carbon storage in agroforestry systems. Environmental Research Letters 13, 124020. Adapted from Nair, P.K.R., Kumar, B.M., Nair, V.D., 2009. Agroforestry as a strategy for carbon sequestration. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science 172, 10–23.
  source: https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aaeb5f
  value: Woody species planted in parallel tree rows to allow mechanization and intercropped with an annual crop; usually used for timber (e.g. Juglans spp), but also for fuel (e.g. Populus spp). Usually low tree density per hectare. Usually found in temperate regions, but not exclusively.
broader: Agroforestry

Broadcast burning
type: Concept
in scheme: Thesaurus to define land management practices in agriculture and forestry for soil carbon storage
definition: Allowing a prescribed fire to burn over a designated area within well-defined boundaries for reduction of fuel hazard, as a silvicultural treatment, or both (term mainly used for slash burning).
  source: FAO/GFMC, 1999. Revision of the FAO Wildland Fire Management Terminology.
  source: http://gfmc.online/wp-content/uploads/GFMC-FAO-Fire-Management-Glossary-1999-edited-2018.pdf
broader: Prescribed burning

Early burning
type: Concept
in scheme: Thesaurus to define land management practices in agriculture and forestry for soil carbon storage
definition: Prescribed burning early in the dry season before the leaves and undergrowth are completely dry or before the leaves are shed, as an insurance against more severe fire damage later on.
  source: FAO/GFMC, 1999. Revision of the FAO Wildland Fire Management Terminology.
  source: http://gfmc.online/wp-content/uploads/GFMC-FAO-Fire-Management-Glossary-1999-edited-2018.pdf
broader: Prescribed burning

Shredded residues
type: Concept
in scheme: Thesaurus to define land management practices in agriculture and forestry for soil carbon storage
definition: Shredded residues remaining on the soil surface.
  source: Boulonne, L., 2011. DONESOL version 2.0.5. Dictionnaire de données pour les tables relatives aux données d’enquêtes agronomiques.
broader: Crop residues management

Buried residues
type: Concept
in scheme: Thesaurus to define land management practices in agriculture and forestry for soil carbon storage
definition: Buried crop residues (often shredded before incorporation into the soil).
  source: Boulonne, L., 2011. DONESOL version 2.0.5. Dictionnaire de données pour les tables relatives aux données d’enquêtes agronomiques.
broader: Crop residues management

Burned residues
type: Concept
in scheme: Thesaurus to define land management practices in agriculture and forestry for soil carbon storage
definition: Crop residues burned on the field.
  source: Boulonne, L., 2011. DONESOL version 2.0.5. Dictionnaire de données pour les tables relatives aux données d’enquêtes agronomiques.
broader: Crop residues management

Mulched residues
type: Concept
in scheme: Thesaurus to define land management practices in agriculture and forestry for soil carbon storage
definition: Crop residues left in place, without special treatment.
  source: Boulonne, L., 2011. DONESOL version 2.0.5. Dictionnaire de données pour les tables relatives aux données d’enquêtes agronomiques.
broader: Crop residues management

Exported residues
type: Concept
in scheme: Thesaurus to define land management practices in agriculture and forestry for soil carbon storage
definition: Exported crop residues, cereal straw or harvested products.
  source: Boulonne, L., 2011. DONESOL version 2.0.5. Dictionnaire de données pour les tables relatives aux données d’enquêtes agronomiques.
broader: Crop residues management

Permanent soil cover
type: Concept
in scheme: Thesaurus to define land management practices in agriculture and forestry for soil carbon storage
definition: Maintenance of continuous soil cover thanks to crop residues
  source: Authors Data4C+
broader: Crop residues management

Shredded woody regrowths
type: Concept
in scheme: Thesaurus to define land management practices in agriculture and forestry for soil carbon storage
definition: Shredded woody regrowths remaining on the soil surface.
  source: Adapted from Courte, A., Cialdella, N., Muller, A., Blanfort, V., Bochu, J.-L., Brossard, M., 2020. Recenser et évaluer les pratiques agricoles qui stockent le carbone des sols, premier pas vers une agriculture à faible impact en Guyane. Cahiers Agricultures. 29, 21.
  source: https://doi.org/10.1051/cagri/2020019
broader: Woody regrowths management

Burned woody regrowths
type: Concept
in scheme: Thesaurus to define land management practices in agriculture and forestry for soil carbon storage
definition: Burned woody regrowths let on soil surface before the beginning of the crop season.
  source: Adapted from Courte, A., Cialdella, N., Muller, A., Blanfort, V., Bochu, J.-L., Brossard, M., 2020. Recenser et évaluer les pratiques agricoles qui stockent le carbone des sols, premier pas vers une agriculture à faible impact en Guyane. Cahiers Agricultures. 29, 21.
  source: https://doi.org/10.1051/cagri/2020019
broader: Woody regrowths management

Exogenous organic matter
type: Concept
in scheme: Thesaurus to define land management practices in agriculture and forestry for soil carbon storage
definition:
  source: Marmo, L., Feix, I., Bourmeau, E., Amlinger, F., Bannick, C., De Neve, S., 2004. Reports of the Technical Working Groups Established Under the Thematic Strategy for Soil Protection. Volume-III. Organic Matter and Biodiversity. Taskgroup 4 on Exogenous Organic Matter. EUR 21319 EN/3. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities.
  source: http://ec.europa.eu/environment/archives/soil/pdf/vol3.pdf
  value: Exogenous organic matter (EOM) is all organic material of biological origin applied to the soil in order to fertilise, amend or restore it and improve the environment. It is closed to the term PRO in French, Produit Résiduaire organique. EOM include livestock manure, and organic mattters, treated or not, from agriculture, urban activities (e.g. sewage sludge, household waste), food industries (e.g. vinasse, feathers, dairy wastes), and other industries (e.g. paper sludge)
broader: Organic fertilisation
narrower: From agricultural activities

Organic inputs through night parks
type: Concept
in scheme: Thesaurus to define land management practices in agriculture and forestry for soil carbon storage
definition: Temporary enclosure for confining cattle at night or for short period of time, also called corralling sites, are frequent in Sahel.
  source: Harris, F., 2002. Management of Manure in Farming Systems in Semi-arid West Africa. Experimental Agriculture 38, 131–148.
  source: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0014479702000212
broader: Organic fertilisation
narrower: Night tethering

Late burning
type: Concept
in scheme: Thesaurus to define land management practices in agriculture and forestry for soil carbon storage
definition: Prescribed burning activities towards the end of the dry season.
  source: FAO/GFMC, 1999. Revision of the FAO Wildland Fire Management Terminology.
  source: http://gfmc.online/wp-content/uploads/GFMC-FAO-Fire-Management-Glossary-1999-edited-2018.pdf
broader: Prescribed burning

Underburning
type: Concept
in scheme: Thesaurus to define land management practices in agriculture and forestry for soil carbon storage
definition: Prescribed burning with a low intensity fire in activity-created or natural fuels under a timber canopy.
  source: FAO/GFMC, 1999. Revision of the FAO Wildland Fire Management Terminology.
  source: http://gfmc.online/wp-content/uploads/GFMC-FAO-Fire-Management-Glossary-1999-edited-2018.pdf
broader: Prescribed burning

Flooded paddy fields
type: Concept
in scheme: Thesaurus to define land management practices in agriculture and forestry for soil carbon storage
definition: Excluding a short period to allow weed control, constant pond water is maintained in the ﬁeld until the pre-harvest drainage.
  source: Orasen, G., De Nisi, P., Lucchini, G., Abruzzese, A., Pesenti, M., Maghrebi, M., Kumar, A., Nocito, F.F., Baldoni, E., Morgutti, S., Negrini, N., Valè, G., Sacchi, G.A., 2019. Continuous Flooding or Alternate Wetting and Drying Differently Affect the Accumulation of Health-Promoting Phytochemicals and Minerals in Rice Brown Grain. Agronomy 9, 628. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9100628
  source: http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9100628
broader: Water management in paddy fields

Non-flooded paddy fields
type: Concept
in scheme: Thesaurus to define land management practices in agriculture and forestry for soil carbon storage
definition: Non-flooded paddy fields that could be moderately irrigated when the soil water content is below 80% of field capacity.
  source: Mi, W., Sun, Y., Zhao, C., Wu, L., 2019. Soil organic carbon and its labile fractions in paddy soil as influenced by water regimes and straw management. Agricultural Water Management 224, 105752. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2019.105752
  source: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2019.105752
broader: Water management in paddy fields

Alternate wetting and drying
type: Concept
in scheme: Thesaurus to define land management practices in agriculture and forestry for soil carbon storage
definition:
  source: 1.International Rice Research Institute; 2. Hussain, S., Peng, S., Fahad, S., Khaliq, A., Huang, J., Cui, K., Nie, L., 2015. Rice management interventions to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions: a review. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 22, 3342–3360.
  source: http://www.knowledgebank.irri.org/training/fact-sheets/water-management/saving-water-alternate-wetting-drying-awd
  value: 1. Irrigation water is applied a few days after the disappearance of the ponded water. Hence, the field gets alternately flooded and non-flooded. The number of days of non-flooded soil between irrigation events can vary from 1 to more than 10 days depending on the number of factors such as soil type, weather, and crop growth stage. ; 2. Alternate wetting and drying is the periodic drying and reflooding of the rice field. In contrast to mid-season drainage, the time intervals between dry and wet conditions appear to be too short to facilitate the shift from aerobic to anaerobic soil conditions.
broader: Water management in paddy fields

Mid-season drainage
type: Concept
in scheme: Thesaurus to define land management practices in agriculture and forestry for soil carbon storage
definition:
  source: Hussain, S., Peng, S., Fahad, S., Khaliq, A., Huang, J., Cui, K., Nie, L., 2015. Rice management interventions to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions: a review. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 22, 3342–3360.
  source: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-014-3760-4
  value: Mid-season drainage encompasses a distinct period of interrupted irrigation during the crop growth phase. Usually a short-term drainage (5 – 20 days) is carried out before the maximum tiller number stage to prevent rank growth and to reduce the number of ineffectual tillers, and the duration is regulated by regionally determined conventional methods.
broader: Water management in paddy fields

Controlled irrigation
type: Concept
in scheme: Thesaurus to define land management practices in agriculture and forestry for soil carbon storage
definition: During the rice-growing season, the soil in controlled irrigation paddy fields remains dry 60–80% of the time, and no standing water is found after the re-greening of rice seedlings.
  source: Peng, S., Hou, H., Xu, J., Mao, Z., Abudu, S., Luo, Y., 2011. Nitrous oxide emissions from paddy fields under different water managements in southeast China. Paddy and Water Environment 9, 403–411.
  source: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10333-011-0275-1
broader: Water management in paddy fields

Silvopastures
type: Concept
in scheme: Thesaurus to define land management practices in agriculture and forestry for soil carbon storage
definition: Woody species planted on permanent grasslands, often grazed.
  source: Cardinael, R., Umulisa, V., Toudert, A., Olivier, A., Bockel, L., Bernoux, M., 2018. Revisiting IPCC Tier 1 coefficients for soil organic and biomass carbon storage in agroforestry systems. Environmental Research Letters 13, 124020.
  source: https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aaeb5f
broader: Agroforestry

Parklands
type: Concept
in scheme: Thesaurus to define land management practices in agriculture and forestry for soil carbon storage
definition: Intercropping of agricultural crops or grazing land under low density mature scattered trees. Typical of dry areas like Sahel (e.g. Faidherbia albida).
  source: Cardinael, R., Umulisa, V., Toudert, A., Olivier, A., Bockel, L., Bernoux, M., 2018. Revisiting IPCC Tier 1 coefficients for soil organic and biomass carbon storage in agroforestry systems. Environmental Research Letters 13, 124020.
  source: https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aaeb5f
broader: Agroforestry

Grazing management
type: Concept
in scheme: Thesaurus to define land management practices in agriculture and forestry for soil carbon storage
definition: The manipulation of grazing in pursuit of a specific objective or set of objectives (Allen et al., 2011). Grazing management influences the carbon balance in grazing lands.
  source: Allen, V.G., Batello, C., Berretta, E.J., Hodgson, J., Kothmann, M., Li, X., McIvor, J., Milne, J., Morris, C., Peeters, A., Sanderson, M., 2011. An international terminology for grazing lands and grazing animals. Grass and Forage Science 66, 2–28. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.2010.00780.x
broader: Grazed
narrower: Extensive grazing management

Shredded woody regrowths
type: Concept
in scheme: Thesaurus to define land management practices in agriculture and forestry for soil carbon storage
definition: Shredded woody regrowths remaining on the soil surface.
  source: Adapted from Courte, A., Cialdella, N., Muller, A., Blanfort, V., Bochu, J.-L., Brossard, M., 2020. Recenser et évaluer les pratiques agricoles qui stockent le carbone des sols, premier pas vers une agriculture à faible impact en Guyane. Cahiers Agricultures. 29, 21.
  source: https://doi.org/10.1051/cagri/2020019
broader: Woody regrowths management

Broadcast burning
type: Concept
in scheme: Thesaurus to define land management practices in agriculture and forestry for soil carbon storage
definition: Allowing a prescribed fire to burn over a designated area within well-defined boundaries for reduction of fuel hazard, as a silvicultural treatment, or both (term mainly used for slash burning).
  source: FAO/GFMC, 1999. Revision of the FAO Wildland Fire Management Terminology.
  source: http://gfmc.online/wp-content/uploads/GFMC-FAO-Fire-Management-Glossary-1999-edited-2018.pdf
broader: Prescribed burning

Burned woody regrowths
type: Concept
in scheme: Thesaurus to define land management practices in agriculture and forestry for soil carbon storage
definition: Burned woody regrowths let on soil surface before the beginning of the crop season.
  source: Adapted from Courte, A., Cialdella, N., Muller, A., Blanfort, V., Bochu, J.-L., Brossard, M., 2020. Recenser et évaluer les pratiques agricoles qui stockent le carbone des sols, premier pas vers une agriculture à faible impact en Guyane. Cahiers Agricultures. 29, 21.
  source: https://doi.org/10.1051/cagri/2020019
broader: Woody regrowths management

Early burning
type: Concept
in scheme: Thesaurus to define land management practices in agriculture and forestry for soil carbon storage
definition: Prescribed burning early in the dry season before the leaves and undergrowth are completely dry or before the leaves are shed, as an insurance against more severe fire damage later on.
  source: FAO/GFMC, 1999. Revision of the FAO Wildland Fire Management Terminology.
  source: http://gfmc.online/wp-content/uploads/GFMC-FAO-Fire-Management-Glossary-1999-edited-2018.pdf
broader: Prescribed burning

Late burning
type: Concept
in scheme: Thesaurus to define land management practices in agriculture and forestry for soil carbon storage
definition: Prescribed burning activities towards the end of the dry season.
  source: FAO/GFMC, 1999. Revision of the FAO Wildland Fire Management Terminology.
  source: http://gfmc.online/wp-content/uploads/GFMC-FAO-Fire-Management-Glossary-1999-edited-2018.pdf
broader: Prescribed burning

Exogenous organic matter
type: Concept
in scheme: Thesaurus to define land management practices in agriculture and forestry for soil carbon storage
definition:
  source: Marmo, L., Feix, I., Bourmeau, E., Amlinger, F., Bannick, C., De Neve, S., 2004. Reports of the Technical Working Groups Established Under the Thematic Strategy for Soil Protection. Volume-III. Organic Matter and Biodiversity. Taskgroup 4 on Exogenous Organic Matter. EUR 21319 EN/3. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities.
  source: http://ec.europa.eu/environment/archives/soil/pdf/vol3.pdf
  value: Exogenous organic matter (EOM) is all organic material of biological origin applied to the soil in order to fertilise, amend or restore it and improve the environment. It is closed to the term PRO in French, Produit Résiduaire organique. EOM include livestock manure, and organic mattters, treated or not, from agriculture, urban activities (e.g. sewage sludge, household waste), food industries (e.g. vinasse, feathers, dairy wastes), and other industries (e.g. paper sludge)
broader: Organic fertilisation
narrower: From agricultural activities

Coppice
type: Concept
in scheme: Thesaurus to define land management practices in agriculture and forestry for soil carbon storage
definition:
  source: European Environment Agency glossary; Félix, G.F., Scholberg, J.M.S., Clermont-Dauphin, C., Cournac, L., Tittonell, P., 2018. Enhancing agroecosystem productivity with woody perennials in semi-arid West Africa. A meta-analysis. Agron. Sustain. Dev. 38, 57.
  source: https://www.eea.europa.eu/help/glossary/eea-glossary/coppice-forest
  value: Woodland which has been regenerated from shoots formed at the stumps of the previous crop trees, root suckers, or both, i.e., by vegetative means. Normally grown on a short rotation for small material, but sometimes, e.g. some eucalyptus species, to a substantial size. Native shrubs in arid lands can also be coppiced and residues used as organic amendment in cultivated systems as a mulch (Felix et al., 2018)
broader: Stand management

High forest
type: Concept
in scheme: Thesaurus to define land management practices in agriculture and forestry for soil carbon storage
definition: A stand of trees, generally of seedling origin, that normally develop a high, closed canopy.
  source: Ford-Robertson, F.C., 1971. Terminology of forest science, technology practice and products. Society of American Foresters. ; Lazdina, D., Makovskis, K., Kofman, P.D., Unrau, A., 2017. The EuroCoppice Glossary: Terms Definitions related to Coppice (COST Action FP1301 Reports). Freiburg, Germany: Albert Ludwig University of Freiburg.
broader: Stand management
narrower: Even-aged high forest

Coppice with standards
type: Concept
in scheme: Thesaurus to define land management practices in agriculture and forestry for soil carbon storage
definition:
  source: Burley, J., 2004. Encyclopedia of forest sciences. Academic Press.
  value: A coppice system in which selected stems are retained as standards at each felling to form an uneven-aged overstorey which is removed selectively on a rotation constituting some multiple of the coppice rotation; a crop partly of vegetative and partly of seedling origin.
broader: Stand management

Pure stand
type: Concept
in scheme: Thesaurus to define land management practices in agriculture and forestry for soil carbon storage
definition: A stand in which a certain percentage, for instance at least 80%, of the trees in the main crown canopy consist of a single species.
  source: Schuck, A., Päivinen, R., Hytönen, T., Pajari, B., 2002. Compilation of forestry terms and definitions. European Forest Institute.
  source: https://efi.int/sites/default/files/files/publication-bank/2018/ir_06.pdf
broader: Management of tree species diversity

Mixed stand
type: Concept
in scheme: Thesaurus to define land management practices in agriculture and forestry for soil carbon storage
definition: A stand or forest consisting of two or more tree species which influence significantly the stand ecology.
  source: Schuck, A., Päivinen, R., Hytönen, T., Pajari, B., 2002. Compilation of forestry terms and definitions. European Forest Institute.
  source: https://efi.int/sites/default/files/files/publication-bank/2018/ir_06.pdf
broader: Management of tree species diversity

Broadleaved
type: Concept
in scheme: Thesaurus to define land management practices in agriculture and forestry for soil carbon storage
definition: Vegetation formation composed principally of trees, including shrub and bush understorey, where broad-leaved species predominate.
  source: Kosztra, B., Büttner, G., Hazeu, G., Arnold, S., 2017. Updated CLC illustrated nomenclature guidelines. European Environment Agency: Wien, Austria 1–124.
  source: https://land.copernicus.eu/user-corner/technical-library/corine-land-cover-nomenclature-guidelines/docs/pdf/CLC2018_Nomenclature_illustrated_guide_20190510.pdf
broader: Trees species selection

Coniferous
type: Concept
in scheme: Thesaurus to define land management practices in agriculture and forestry for soil carbon storage
definition: Vegetation formation composed principally of trees, including shrub and bush understorey, where coniferous species predominate.
  source: Kosztra, B., Büttner, G., Hazeu, G., Arnold, S., 2017. Updated CLC illustrated nomenclature guidelines. European Environment Agency: Wien, Austria 1–124.
  source: https://land.copernicus.eu/user-corner/technical-library/corine-land-cover-nomenclature-guidelines/docs/pdf/CLC2018_Nomenclature_illustrated_guide_20190510.pdf
broader: Trees species selection

Mixed species
type: Concept
in scheme: Thesaurus to define land management practices in agriculture and forestry for soil carbon storage
definition: Vegetation formation composed principally of trees, including shrub and bush understorey, where neither broad-leaved nor coniferous species pre-dominate.
  source: Kosztra, B., Büttner, G., Hazeu, G., Arnold, S., 2017. Updated CLC illustrated nomenclature guidelines. European Environment Agency: Wien, Austria 1–124.
  source: https://land.copernicus.eu/user-corner/technical-library/corine-land-cover-nomenclature-guidelines/docs/pdf/CLC2018_Nomenclature_illustrated_guide_20190510.pdf
broader: Trees species selection

Harvest type
type: Concept
in scheme: Thesaurus to define land management practices in agriculture and forestry for soil carbon storage
definition: The harvest method planned at the stand scale
  source: Authors Data4C+
broader: Harvesting
narrower: Clearcut

Harvest intensity
type: Concept
in scheme: Thesaurus to define land management practices in agriculture and forestry for soil carbon storage
definition: The harvest method at the tree scale, whether only the bole is removed or the other parts of the tree are also removed during harvest
  source: Authors Data4C+
broader: Harvesting
narrower: Whole tree harvest

Removal of forest residues
type: Concept
in scheme: Thesaurus to define land management practices in agriculture and forestry for soil carbon storage
definition:
  source: Mayer, M., Prescott, C.E., Abaker, W.E.A., Augusto, L., Cécillon, L., Ferreira, G.W.D., James, J., Jandl, R., Katzensteiner, K., Laclau, J.-P., Laganière, J., Nouvellon, Y., Paré, D., Stanturf, J.A., Vanguelova, E.I., Vesterdal, L., 2020. Tamm Review: Influence of forest management activities on soil organic carbon stocks: A knowledge synthesis. Forest Ecology and Management 466, 118127.
  source: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2020.118127
  value: Forest harvest residues are a mixture of tree components with a low merchantable value that are left on-site after harvesting. Harvest residues consist of leaves/needles, branches, twigs, low-quality or small diameter stems, bark, dead wood and roots.
broader: Harvesting

Removal of litter and biomass for fodder and/or fuel
type: Concept
in scheme: Thesaurus to define land management practices in agriculture and forestry for soil carbon storage
definition: Collection of dead leaf biomass (litter raking) or fuelwood in forests or other wooded lands.
  source: Authors Data4C+
broader: Harvesting

Exogenous organic matter
type: Concept
in scheme: Thesaurus to define land management practices in agriculture and forestry for soil carbon storage
definition:
  source: Marmo, L., Feix, I., Bourmeau, E., Amlinger, F., Bannick, C., De Neve, S., 2004. Reports of the Technical Working Groups Established Under the Thematic Strategy for Soil Protection. Volume-III. Organic Matter and Biodiversity. Taskgroup 4 on Exogenous Organic Matter. EUR 21319 EN/3. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities.
  source: http://ec.europa.eu/environment/archives/soil/pdf/vol3.pdf
  value: Exogenous organic matter (EOM) is all organic material of biological origin applied to the soil in order to fertilise, amend or restore it and improve the environment. It is closed to the term PRO in French, Produit Résiduaire organique. EOM include livestock manure, and organic mattters, treated or not, from agriculture, urban activities (e.g. sewage sludge, household waste), food industries (e.g. vinasse, feathers, dairy wastes), and other industries (e.g. paper sludge)
broader: Organic fertilisation
narrower: From agricultural activities

From agricultural activities
type: Concept
in scheme: Thesaurus to define land management practices in agriculture and forestry for soil carbon storage
definition: Exogenous organic matter coming from livestock excreta and/or plant residues.
  source: Authors Data4C+
broader: Exogenous organic matter
narrower: Solid manure

From industrial and urban activities
type: Concept
in scheme: Thesaurus to define land management practices in agriculture and forestry for soil carbon storage
definition: Exogenous organic matter coming from food or other industries, and from urban wastes, composts, and sewage systems.
  source: Authors Data4C+
broader: Exogenous organic matter
narrower: Sewage sludge

From other origin
type: Concept
in scheme: Thesaurus to define land management practices in agriculture and forestry for soil carbon storage
definition: Exogenous organic matters that are not by-products from industrial, urban, and agricultural activities
  source: Authors Data4C+
broader: Exogenous organic matter
narrower: Bio-fertiliser

Night tethering
type: Concept
in scheme: Thesaurus to define land management practices in agriculture and forestry for soil carbon storage
definition:
  source: Landais, E., Lhoste, P., 1993. Systèmes d’élevage et transfert de fertilité dans la zone des savanes africaines. 2 : les systèmes de gestion de la fumure animale et leur insertion dans les relations entre l’élevage et l’agriculture. Cahiers Agricultures 2, 9–25.
  value: This system consists of immobilising animals overnight on plots after harvest or in the rainy season on fallow land. The system imply to tie animals by the horns to a stake, a tree or a tree trunk. The whole system is transferred from one plot to another or in another place in the same plot at a variable rate (from a few days to a maximum of a fortnight). The objective is to optimize the grass ressource and the excrement and urine distribution at the scale of the farming system.
broader: Organic inputs through night parks

Mobile night penning
type: Concept
in scheme: Thesaurus to define land management practices in agriculture and forestry for soil carbon storage
definition: The animals are kept in small enclosures made of thorny plants in cultivated plots during the agricultural off-season or in areas just cleared for cultivation.
  source: Landais, E., Lhoste, P., 1993. Systèmes d’élevage et transfert de fertilité dans la zone des savanes africaines. 2 : les systèmes de gestion de la fumure animale et leur insertion dans les relations entre l’élevage et l’agriculture. Cahiers Agricultures 2, 9–25.
broader: Organic inputs through night parks

Extensive grazing management
type: Concept
in scheme: Thesaurus to define land management practices in agriculture and forestry for soil carbon storage
definition: Grazing management that uses relatively large land areas per animal and a relatively low level of labour, resources or capital.
  source: Allen, V.G., Batello, C., Berretta, E.J., Hodgson, J., Kothmann, M., Li, X., McIvor, J., Milne, J., Morris, C., Peeters, A., Sanderson, M., 2011. An international terminology for grazing lands and grazing animals. Grass and Forage Science 66, 2–28. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.2010.00780.x
  source: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.2010.00780.x
broader: Grazing management

Intensive grazing management
type: Concept
in scheme: Thesaurus to define land management practices in agriculture and forestry for soil carbon storage
definition:
  source: Allen, V.G., Batello, C., Berretta, E.J., Hodgson, J., Kothmann, M., Li, X., McIvor, J., Milne, J., Morris, C., Peeters, A., Sanderson, M., 2011. An international terminology for grazing lands and grazing animals. Grass and Forage Science 66, 2–28. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.2010.00780.x
  source: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.2010.00780.x
  value: Grazing management that uses relatively high levels of labour, resources or capital to increase production per unit area or per animal, through a relative increase in stocking rates, grazing pressure and forage utilization.
broader: Grazing management

From agricultural activities
type: Concept
in scheme: Thesaurus to define land management practices in agriculture and forestry for soil carbon storage
definition: Exogenous organic matter coming from livestock excreta and/or plant residues.
broader: Exogenous organic matter
narrower: Solid manure

From industrial and urban activities
type: Concept
in scheme: Thesaurus to define land management practices in agriculture and forestry for soil carbon storage
definition: Exogenous organic matter coming from food or other industries, and from urban wastes, composts, and sewage systems.
  source: Authors Data4c+
broader: Exogenous organic matter
narrower: Sewage sludge

Other origin
type: Concept
in scheme: Thesaurus to define land management practices in agriculture and forestry for soil carbon storage
definition: Exogenous organic matters that are not by-products from industrial, urban, and agricultural activities
  source: Authors Data4c+
broader: Exogenous organic matter
narrower: Bio-fertiliser

Uneven-aged high forest
type: Concept
in scheme: Thesaurus to define land management practices in agriculture and forestry for soil carbon storage
definition: High forest in which there is a mixture of different age classes. Usually, the trees can not be separated in different storeys.
  source: Schuck, A., Päivinen, R., Hytönen, T., Pajari, B., 2002. Compilation of forestry terms and definitions. European Forest Institute.
  source: https://efi.int/sites/default/files/files/publication-bank/2018/ir_06.pdf
broader: High forest

Uneven-aged and mixed high forest
type: Concept
in scheme: Thesaurus to define land management practices in agriculture and forestry for soil carbon storage
definition: High forest in which there is a mixture of different age classes and different species.
  source: Authors Data4C+
broader: High forest

Even-aged high forest
type: Concept
in scheme: Thesaurus to define land management practices in agriculture and forestry for soil carbon storage
definition: High forest in which the predominant proportion of the trees falls into the same age class, generally resulting in a single storey forest.
  source: Schuck, A., Päivinen, R., Hytönen, T., Pajari, B., 2002. Compilation of forestry terms and definitions. European Forest Institute.
  source: https://efi.int/sites/default/files/files/publication-bank/2018/ir_06.pdf
broader: High forest

Selection cut
type: Concept
in scheme: Thesaurus to define land management practices in agriculture and forestry for soil carbon storage
definition: A tree removal method that involves periodic cutting of selected trunks from all merchandable diameter classes. The method is mostly used in an uneven-aged forest.
  source: Schuck, A., Päivinen, R., Hytönen, T., Pajari, B., 2002. Compilation of forestry terms and definitions. European Forest Institute.
  source: https://efi.int/sites/default/files/files/publication-bank/2018/ir_06.pdf
broader: Harvest type

Seed tree method
type: Concept
in scheme: Thesaurus to define land management practices in agriculture and forestry for soil carbon storage
definition: A tree removal method whereby the entire stand is removed in a final cutting except for selected single trees or seed trees in small groups to provide the seed for reproduction.
  source: Schuck, A., Päivinen, R., Hytönen, T., Pajari, B., 2002. Compilation of forestry terms and definitions. European Forest Institute.
  source: https://efi.int/sites/default/files/files/publication-bank/2018/ir_06.pdf
broader: Harvest type

Thinning
type: Concept
in scheme: Thesaurus to define land management practices in agriculture and forestry for soil carbon storage
definition: A partial cut in an immature, overstocked stand of trees used to increase the stand's value growth by concentrating on individuals with the best potential.
  source: Glossary of forestry terms, Maryland Department of Natural Resources
  source: https://dnr.maryland.gov/forests/Pages/gloss.aspx#c
broader: Harvest type

Salvage logging
type: Concept
in scheme: Thesaurus to define land management practices in agriculture and forestry for soil carbon storage
definition: Any harvesting activity consisting of recovering timber that can still be used, at least in part, from lands affected by natural disturbances.
  source: European Parliament, 2013. DECISION No 529/2013/EU OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL
broader: Harvest type

Clearcut
type: Concept
in scheme: Thesaurus to define land management practices in agriculture and forestry for soil carbon storage
definition: The harvest of all the tree trunks in an area. Clearcutting is used to aid species whose seedlings require full sunlight to grow well.
  source: Adapted from Glossary of forestry terms, Maryland Department of Natural Resources
  source: https://dnr.maryland.gov/forests/Pages/gloss.aspx#c
broader: Harvest type

Shelterwood method
type: Concept
in scheme: Thesaurus to define land management practices in agriculture and forestry for soil carbon storage
definition:
  source: Schuck, A., Päivinen, R., Hytönen, T., Pajari, B., 2002. Compilation of forestry terms and definitions. European Forest Institute.
  source: https://efi.int/sites/default/files/files/publication-bank/2018/ir_06.pdf
  value: A tree removal method in which mature trees are removed in a series of cuttings, enabling a new crop to establish under the partial shelter of the old trees from which the seed for regeneration is obtained. The regeneration may also be done artificially.
broader: Harvest type

Whole tree harvest
type: Concept
in scheme: Thesaurus to define land management practices in agriculture and forestry for soil carbon storage
definition: The tops, limbs, and foliage are removed in addition to the bole.
  source: James, J., Harrison, R., 2016. The Effect of Harvest on Forest Soil Carbon: A Meta-Analysis. Forests 7, 308.
  source: https://doi.org/10.3390/f7120308
broader: Harvest intensity

Bole only harvest
type: Concept
in scheme: Thesaurus to define land management practices in agriculture and forestry for soil carbon storage
definition: Only the merchandable bole (stem) are removed from the site.
  source: James, J., Harrison, R., 2016. The Effect of Harvest on Forest Soil Carbon: A Meta-Analysis. Forests 7, 308.
  source: https://doi.org/10.3390/f7120308
broader: Harvest intensity

From agricultural activities
type: Concept
in scheme: Thesaurus to define land management practices in agriculture and forestry for soil carbon storage
definition: EOM coming from livestock excreta and/or plant residues.
  source: Authors Data4C+
broader: Exogenous organic matter
narrower: Solid manure

From industrial and urban activities
type: Concept
in scheme: Thesaurus to define land management practices in agriculture and forestry for soil carbon storage
definition: Exogenous organic matter coming from food or other industries, and from urban wastes, composts, and sewage systems.
  source: Authors Data4c+
broader: Exogenous organic matter
narrower: Sewage sludge

Other origin
type: Concept
in scheme: Thesaurus to define land management practices in agriculture and forestry for soil carbon storage
definition: EOM that are not by-products from industrial, urban, and agricultural activities
  source: Authors Data4c+
broader: Exogenous organic matter
narrower: Bio-fertiliser

Slurry
type: Concept
in scheme: Thesaurus to define land management practices in agriculture and forestry for soil carbon storage
definition: Slurry is manure in liquid form, a mixture of liquid and solid animal excreta, with or without dilution with water and/or small amount of litter.
  source: Eurostat glossary
  source: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php
broader: From agricultural activities

Compost
type: Concept
in scheme: Thesaurus to define land management practices in agriculture and forestry for soil carbon storage
definition:
  source: FAO, 2015. World Programme for the Census of Agriculture 2020. Volume 1 Programme, Concepts and Definitions. FAO, Rome.
  source: http://www.fao.org/3/i4913e/i4913e.pdf
  value: Compost is a mixture of decaying organic substrates, such as from leaves and manure, used to improve soil structure and provide nutrients. Alternatively, it refers to organic substrates subjected to biological decomposition and stabilization and converted into a final product that is stable, free of pathogens and plant seeds, and can be beneficially applied to land.
broader: From agricultural activities

Solid manure
type: Concept
in scheme: Thesaurus to define land management practices in agriculture and forestry for soil carbon storage
definition: Solid/farmyard manure is a mixture of solid excreta of domestic animals with or without litter used for their bedding, possibly including a small amount of urine.
  source: Eurostat glossary
  source: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php
broader: From agricultural activities

Liquid manure
type: Concept
in scheme: Thesaurus to define land management practices in agriculture and forestry for soil carbon storage
definition: Liquid manure is urine from domestic animals, possibly including a small amount of excrement and/or water.
  source: Eurostat glossary
  source: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php
broader: From agricultural activities

Sewage sludge
type: Concept
in scheme: Thesaurus to define land management practices in agriculture and forestry for soil carbon storage
definition:
  source: Adapted from FAO. 2019. International Code of Conduct for the Sustainable Use and Management of fertilisers. Rome.
  source: http://www.fao.org/documents/card/en/c/ca5253en
  value: Solid materials removed from wastewater stream originating from a public sewage system. May or may not be subjected to additional treatment to reduce volume, pathogens, odors and nutrient content that can cause eutophication of water bodies when in excess in the environment
broader: From industrial and urban activities

Industrial sludge
type: Concept
in scheme: Thesaurus to define land management practices in agriculture and forestry for soil carbon storage
definition: Sludge from treatment plants that separately collect urban waste water and waste water produced by industries.
  source: Boulonne, L., 2011. DONESOL version 2.0.5. Dictionnaire de données pour les tables relatives aux données d’enquêtes agronomiques.
broader: From industrial and urban activities

Digestate
type: Concept
in scheme: Thesaurus to define land management practices in agriculture and forestry for soil carbon storage
definition: Liquid or solid residues produced by fermentation of biomass (anaerobic digestion) in a biogas plant (anaerobic digester).
  source: Adapted from Landmark glossary
  source: http://landmark2020.eu/glossary/digestate/
broader: From industrial and urban activities

Bio-fertiliser
type: Concept
in scheme: Thesaurus to define land management practices in agriculture and forestry for soil carbon storage
definition:
  source: FAO. 2019. International Code of Conduct for the Sustainable Use and Management of fertilisers. Rome.
  source: http://www.fao.org/documents/card/en/c/ca5253en
  value: A broad term used for products containing living or dormant microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, actinomycetes and algae, alone or in combination, which on application help in fixing atmospheric nitrogen or solubilize and mobilize soil nutrients. Examples Rhizobium (N fixation), Blue green algae (N fixation in rice production), P-solubilizing microorganisms (strains from bacterial genera (e.g., Bacillus, Pseudomonas), fungal genera (Penicillium and Aspergillus), or arbuscular mycorrhizae).
broader: From other origin

Composted sewage sludge
type: Concept
in scheme: Thesaurus to define land management practices in agriculture and forestry for soil carbon storage
definition: Composted sewage sludge from urban or industrial waste water treatment plants.
  source: Boulonne, L., 2011. DONESOL version 2.0.5. Dictionnaire de données pour les tables relatives aux données d’enquêtes agronomiques.
broader: From industrial and urban activities

Limed sewage sludge
type: Concept
in scheme: Thesaurus to define land management practices in agriculture and forestry for soil carbon storage
definition: Limed sewage sludge from urban or industrial waste water treatment plants.
  source: Boulonne, L., 2011. DONESOL version 2.0.5. Dictionnaire de données pour les tables relatives aux données d’enquêtes agronomiques.
broader: From industrial and urban activities

Urban composts
type: Concept
in scheme: Thesaurus to define land management practices in agriculture and forestry for soil carbon storage
definition: Urban or industrial organic wastes after having undergone composting.
  source: Boulonne, L., 2011. DONESOL version 2.0.5. Dictionnaire de données pour les tables relatives aux données d’enquêtes agronomiques.
broader: From industrial and urban activities

Household wastes
type: Concept
in scheme: Thesaurus to define land management practices in agriculture and forestry for soil carbon storage
definition: Products form the household wastes collection.
  source: Boulonne, L., 2011. DONESOL version 2.0.5. Dictionnaire de données pour les tables relatives aux données d’enquêtes agronomiques.
broader: From industrial and urban activities

Solid manure
type: Concept
in scheme: Thesaurus to define land management practices in agriculture and forestry for soil carbon storage
definition: Solid/farmyard manure is a mixture of solid excreta of domestic animals with or without litter used for their bedding, possibly including a small amount of urine.
  source: FAO, 2015. World Programme for the Census of Agriculture 2020. Volume 1 Programme, Concepts and Definitions. FAO, Rome.
  source: http://www.fao.org/3/i4913e/i4913e.pdf
broader: From agricultural activities

Liquid manure
type: Concept
in scheme: Thesaurus to define land management practices in agriculture and forestry for soil carbon storage
definition: Liquid manure is urine from domestic animals, possibly including a small amount of excrement and/or water.
  source: FAO, 2015. World Programme for the Census of Agriculture 2020. Volume 1 Programme, Concepts and Definitions. FAO, Rome.
  source: http://www.fao.org/3/i4913e/i4913e.pdf
broader: From agricultural activities

Slurry
type: Concept
in scheme: Thesaurus to define land management practices in agriculture and forestry for soil carbon storage
definition: Slurry is manure in liquid form, a mixture of liquid and solid animal excreta, with or without dilution with water and/or small amount of litter.
  source: FAO, 2015. World Programme for the Census of Agriculture 2020. Volume 1 Programme, Concepts and Definitions. FAO, Rome.
  source: http://www.fao.org/3/i4913e/i4913e.pdf
broader: From agricultural activities

Compost
type: Concept
in scheme: Thesaurus to define land management practices in agriculture and forestry for soil carbon storage
definition:
  source: FAO, 2015. World Programme for the Census of Agriculture 2020. Volume 1 Programme, Concepts and Definitions. FAO, Rome.
  source: http://www.fao.org/3/i4913e/i4913e.pdf
  value: Compost is a mixture of decaying organic substrates, such as from leaves and manure, used to improve soil structure and provide nutrients. Alternatively, it refers to organic substrates subjected to biological decomposition and stabilization and converted into a final product that is stable, free of pathogens and plant seeds, and can be beneficially applied to land.
broader: From agricultural activities

Sewage sludge
type: Concept
in scheme: Thesaurus to define land management practices in agriculture and forestry for soil carbon storage
definition:
  source: Adapted from FAO. 2019. International Code of Conduct for the Sustainable Use and Management of fertilisers. Rome.
  source: http://www.fao.org/documents/card/en/c/ca5253en
  value: Solid materials removed from wastewater stream originating from a public sewage system. May or may not be subjected to additional treatment to reduce volume, pathogens, odors and nutrient content that can cause eutophication of water bodies when in excess in the environment
broader: From industrial and urban activities

Industrial sludge
type: Concept
in scheme: Thesaurus to define land management practices in agriculture and forestry for soil carbon storage
definition: Sludge from treatment plants that separately collect urban waste water and waste water produced by industries.
  source: Boulonne, L., 2011. DONESOL version 2.0.5. Dictionnaire de données pour les tables relatives aux données d’enquêtes agronomiques.
broader: From industrial and urban activities

Digestate
type: Concept
in scheme: Thesaurus to define land management practices in agriculture and forestry for soil carbon storage
definition: Liquid or solid residues produced by fermentation of biomass (anaerobic digestion) in a biogas plant (anaerobic digester).
  source: Adapted from Landmark glossary
  source: http://landmark2020.eu/glossary/digestate/
broader: From industrial and urban activities

Bio-fertiliser
type: Concept
in scheme: Thesaurus to define land management practices in agriculture and forestry for soil carbon storage
definition:
  source: FAO. 2019. International Code of Conduct for the Sustainable Use and Management of fertilisers. Rome.
  source: http://www.fao.org/documents/card/en/c/ca5253en
  value: A broad term used for products containing living or dormant microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, actinomycetes and algae, alone or in combination, which on application help in fixing atmospheric nitrogen or solubilize and mobilize soil nutrients. Examples Rhizobium (N fixation), Blue green algae (N fixation in rice production), P-solubilizing microorganisms (strains from bacterial genera (e.g., Bacillus, Pseudomonas), fungal genera (Penicillium and Aspergillus), or arbuscular mycorrhizae).
broader: Other origin

Composted sewage sludge
type: Concept
in scheme: Thesaurus to define land management practices in agriculture and forestry for soil carbon storage
definition: Composted sewage sludge from urban or industrial waste water treatment plants.
  source: Boulonne, L., 2011. DONESOL version 2.0.5. Dictionnaire de données pour les tables relatives aux données d’enquêtes agronomiques.
broader: From industrial and urban activities

Limed sewage sludge
type: Concept
in scheme: Thesaurus to define land management practices in agriculture and forestry for soil carbon storage
definition: Limed sewage sludge from urban or industrial waste water treatment plants.
  source: Boulonne, L., 2011. DONESOL version 2.0.5. Dictionnaire de données pour les tables relatives aux données d’enquêtes agronomiques.
broader: From industrial and urban activities

Urban composts
type: Concept
in scheme: Thesaurus to define land management practices in agriculture and forestry for soil carbon storage
definition: Urban or industrial organic wastes after having undergone composting.
  source: Boulonne, L., 2011. DONESOL version 2.0.5. Dictionnaire de données pour les tables relatives aux données d’enquêtes agronomiques.
broader: From industrial and urban activities

Household wastes
type: Concept
in scheme: Thesaurus to define land management practices in agriculture and forestry for soil carbon storage
definition: Products form the household wastes collection.
  source: Boulonne, L., 2011. DONESOL version 2.0.5. Dictionnaire de données pour les tables relatives aux données d’enquêtes agronomiques.
broader: From industrial and urban activities

Solid manure
type: Concept
in scheme: Thesaurus to define land management practices in agriculture and forestry for soil carbon storage
definition: Solid/farmyard manure is a mixture of solid excreta of domestic animals with or without litter used for their bedding, possibly including a small amount of urine.
  source: Eurostat glossary
  source: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php
broader: From agricultural activities

Liquid manure
type: Concept
in scheme: Thesaurus to define land management practices in agriculture and forestry for soil carbon storage
definition: Liquid manure is urine from domestic animals, possibly including a small amount of excrement and/or water.
  source: Eurostat glossary
  source: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php
broader: From agricultural activities

Slurry
type: Concept
in scheme: Thesaurus to define land management practices in agriculture and forestry for soil carbon storage
definition: Slurry is manure in liquid form, a mixture of liquid and solid animal excreta, with or without dilution with water and/or small amount of litter.
  source: Eurostat glossary
  source: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php
broader: From agricultural activities

Compost
type: Concept
in scheme: Thesaurus to define land management practices in agriculture and forestry for soil carbon storage
definition:
  source: FAO, 2015. World Programme for the Census of Agriculture 2020. Volume 1 Programme, Concepts and Definitions. FAO, Rome.
  source: http://www.fao.org/3/i4913e/i4913e.pdf
  value: Compost is a mixture of decaying organic substrates, such as from leaves and manure, used to improve soil structure and provide nutrients. Alternatively, it refers to organic substrates subjected to biological decomposition and stabilization and converted into a final product that is stable, free of pathogens and plant seeds, and can be beneficially applied to land.
broader: From agricultural activities

Sewage sludge
type: Concept
in scheme: Thesaurus to define land management practices in agriculture and forestry for soil carbon storage
definition: Solid materials removed from wastewater strem originating from a public sewage system. May or may not be subject to additional treatment to reduce volume, pathogens, odors and nutrient content.
  source: FAO. 2019. International Code of Conduct for the Sustainable Use and Management of fertilisers. Rome.
  source: http://www.fao.org/3/ca5253en/ca5253en.pdf
broader: From industrial and urban activities

Composted sewage sludge
type: Concept
in scheme: Thesaurus to define land management practices in agriculture and forestry for soil carbon storage
definition: Composted sewage sludge from urban or industrial waste water treatment plants.
  source: Boulonne, L., 2011. DONESOL version 2.0.5. Dictionnaire de données pour les tables relatives aux données d’enquêtes agronomiques.
broader: From industrial and urban activities

Limed sewage sludge
type: Concept
in scheme: Thesaurus to define land management practices in agriculture and forestry for soil carbon storage
definition: Limed sewage sludge from urban or industrial waste water treatment plants.
  source: Boulonne, L., 2011. DONESOL version 2.0.5. Dictionnaire de données pour les tables relatives aux données d’enquêtes agronomiques.
broader: From industrial and urban activities

Urban composts
type: Concept
in scheme: Thesaurus to define land management practices in agriculture and forestry for soil carbon storage
definition: Urban or industrial organic wastes after having undergone composting.
  source: Boulonne, L., 2011. DONESOL version 2.0.5. Dictionnaire de données pour les tables relatives aux données d’enquêtes agronomiques.
broader: From industrial and urban activities

Household wastes
type: Concept
in scheme: Thesaurus to define land management practices in agriculture and forestry for soil carbon storage
definition: Products form the household wastes collection.
  source: Boulonne, L., 2011. DONESOL version 2.0.5. Dictionnaire de données pour les tables relatives aux données d’enquêtes agronomiques.
broader: From industrial and urban activities

Industrial sludge
type: Concept
in scheme: Thesaurus to define land management practices in agriculture and forestry for soil carbon storage
definition: Sludge from treatment plants that separately collect urban waste water and waste water produced by industries.
  source: Boulonne, L., 2011. DONESOL version 2.0.5. Dictionnaire de données pour les tables relatives aux données d’enquêtes agronomiques.
broader: From industrial and urban activities

Digestate
type: Concept
in scheme: Thesaurus to define land management practices in agriculture and forestry for soil carbon storage
definition: Liquid or solid residues produced by fermentation of biomass (anaerobic digestion) in a biogas plant (anaerobic digester).
  source: Adapted from Landmark glossary
  source: http://landmark2020.eu/glossary/digestate/
broader: From industrial and urban activities

Bio-fertiliser
type: Concept
in scheme: Thesaurus to define land management practices in agriculture and forestry for soil carbon storage
definition:
  source: FAO. 2019. International Code of Conduct for the Sustainable Use and Management of fertilisers. Rome.
  source: http://www.fao.org/documents/card/en/c/ca5253en
  value: A broad term used for products containing living or dormant microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, actinomycetes and algae, alone or in combination, which on application help in fixing atmospheric nitrogen or solubilize and mobilize soil nutrients. Examples Rhizobium (N fixation), Blue green algae (N fixation in rice production), P-solubilizing microorganisms (strains from bacterial genera (e.g., Bacillus, Pseudomonas), fungal genera (Penicillium and Aspergillus), or arbuscular mycorrhizae).
broader: Other origin