Wheat
Quality traits
Physiological traits
Phenological traits
Morphological traits
Biotic stress traits
Agronomical traits
Abiotic stress traits
NIRS Measurement
NIR calibrated based on Kjeldahl results.
PrecoLegacy Estimation
Standard method for leaf rust legacy.
BM Measurement
Cut all aboveground biomass in a predetermined area (A). Avoid border effects by sampling away from edges of plot. Biomass as other yield components can be calculated or measured individually (Bell and Fischer, 1994; Reynolds et al., 2001; Pask et al., 2012), decide which method suit better for your objectives.
WormDmg_E_pct
WORMDMG_pct
WKill_E_pct
WKILL_pct
WKill_E_1to5
WKILL_1_5
WKill_E_0to9
WKILL_0_9
WMFlrYellPig_M_ppm
WMFLRYELPIG_ppm
WMFlrSDS_M_ml
WMFLRSDS_ml
WMFlrFN_M_s
WMFLRFN_s
WMFlrCol_M_Lvalue
WMFLRCOL_L_value
WMFlrCol_M_bvalue
WMFLRCOL_b_value
WMFlrCol_M_avalue
WMFLRCOL_a_value
WtrLoggDmg _E_0to9
H2ODMG _0_9
T1BL1RS_0_1
TtritInc_E_pct
TTRIT _pct__INC
TlaevInc_E_pct
TLAEV_pct__INC
TllrCapacity_E_1to5
TllrCAPACITY_1_5
TN_Ct_TllrPlnt
TNO_tll_pl
TN_Ct_Tllrm2
TNO_tll_m2
TN_Ct_Tllrm
TNO_tll_m
TSpl_date_ymd
TSD_yyyymmdd, TSD
TSpl_dto_day
DTTS_days, DTTS
TanSpotSev_E_00to99text
TANSPOT_00_99text__SEV
TanSpotSdlgResp_E_0to5
TANSPOT_0_5__SEEDRESP
TanSpotResp_E_1to5
TANSPOT_1_5__ADLTRESP
TanSpotInc_E_pct
TANSPOT_pct
TanSpotInc_E_0to9pcttext
TANSPOT_0_9text
GgtriInc_E_pct
GGTRI_pct__INC
GgtriInc_E_1to5
GGTRI_1_5_INC
SuPDmg _E_1to5
SUPDMG _1_5
PstriSpkSev_E_pct
PSTRI_pct__SPKSEV
PstriSev_E_pct
PSTRI_pct__SEV
PstriSev_E_0to12
PSTRI_0_12__SEV
PstriResp_E_1to8
PSTRI_1_8__ADLTRESP
PstriResp_E_0to9
PSTRI_0_9__RESP
PstriNote_E_text
PSTRI_text
PstriInc_E_1to9
PSTRI_1_9
PstriCI_Calc_pct
PSTRI_pct__CI
SpkSterility_Calc_pct
STERIND_pct
SpkSterility_E_0to6
STERIND_0_6
StmWSC_M_pct
STEMWSC_pct
StmWallThk_M_um
STMTHK_um
StmStrength_E_1to9
STMSTRENGTH_1_9
StmSol_E_1to3
STMSOL_1_3
PgramSev_E_pct
PGRAM_pct__SEV
PgramSev_E_0to12
PGRAM_0_12__SEV
PgramSdlgResp_E_0to8
PGRAM_0_8__SEEDRESP
PgramResp_E_1to8
PGRAM_1_8__ADLTRESP
PgramNote_E_text
PGRAM_text
PgramCI_Calc_pct
PGRAM_pct__CI
StmLng_M_cm
STMLNG_cm
StmDia_M_mm
STMDIA_mm
SproutTol _E_1to9
SPROUTTOL _1_9
HsatiLSev_E_00to99text
HSATIL_00_99text__SEV
HsatiLLegacy_E_9to1
HSATIL_9_1
HsatiLLegacy_E_1to9
HSATIL_1_9
HsatiLInc_E_pct
HSATIL_pct__INC
HsatiLInc_E_0to9pcttext
HSATIL_0_9text__INC
SplN_Ct_SplSpk
SPLSPK_num, SPLSPK, spikelets/spike
Threshblty_E_1to9
THRESHBLTY_1_9
Shattering_E_pct
SHATTERING_pct
SN_Calc_Spksm2
SNO_spk_m2
SN_M_Spksm
SNO_spk_m
SpkLng_M_cm
SPKLNG_cm
SpkDis_E_1to5
SPKDIS_1_5, SpkDis_N_T_S_M_V
SpkDen_E_1to9
SPKDEN_1_9
Awns_E_0to9
AWNS_0_9
SrolfResp_E_1to8
SROLF_1_8
SBMVInc_E_0to9pct
SBMV_0_9
SnailDmg_E_pct
SNAILDMG_pct
RcereInc_E_0to9
RCERE_0_9
StritSev_E_00to99text
StritResp_E_0to5
STRIT_0_5__RESP
StritLegacy_E_9to1
STRIT_9_1
StritLegacy_E_1to9
STRIT_1_9
StritInc_E_pct
STRIT_pct__INC
StritInc_E_0to9pcttext
STRIT_0_9text__INC
SnodoSev_E_00to99+text
SnodoLegacy_E_9to1
SNODO_9_1
SnodoLegacy_E_1to9
SNODO_1_9
SnodoInc_E_pct
SNODO_pct__INC
SnodoInc_E_0to9pcttext
SNODO_0_9text__INC
SepSpSev_E_00to99text
SepSpSev_E_0to9pcttext
SEPSP_0_9text__INC
SepSpResp_E_1to5
SEPSP_1_5__RESP
SepSpResp_E_0to5
SEPSP_0_5__RESP
SepSpLegacy_E_9to1
SEPSP_9_1
SepSpLegacy_E_1to9
SEPSP_1_9
SepSPInc_E_pct
SEPSP_pct__INC
SemoYellPig_M_ppm
SEMOYELPIG_ppm
SemoProt_NIRS_pct
SEMOPROT _pct
SemoProt_Kjl_pct
SemoCol_M_bvalue
SEMOCOL_b_value
SGNDmg _E_pct
ATRITDMG _pct
SawflyDmg_E_pct
CPYGM_pct
SaltTol _E_1to9
SALTOL _1_9
DnoxiDmg_E_pct
DNOXI_pct
RLNDmg_E_pct
RLESDMG_pct
RootDis_E_1to5
ROOTDIS_1_5, RootDis_N_T_S_M_V
RodentDmg_E_pct
RODDMG_pct
RsolaInc_E_0to9pct
RSOLA_0_9
RepP_Calc_day
REPPERIOD_days
RepP_Calc_pct
REPPERIOD_pct
PthornDmg_E_pct
PTHORN_pct
PnegleDmg_E_pct
PNEGLE_pct
EgramSev_E_00to99text
EgramLegacy_E_9to1
EGRAM_9_1
EgramInc_E_pct
EGRAM_pct__INC
EgramInc_E_1to9
EGRAM_1_9__INC
EgramInc_E_1to5
EGRAM_1_5__INC
EgramInc_E_0to5
EGRAM_0_5__INC
EgramInc_E_0to9pcttext
EGRAM_0_9text__INC
PlntVig_E_1to5
PLNTVIG_1_5
VgP_calc_day
VEGPERIOD_days
VgP_calc_pct
VEGPERIOD_pct
PlntStnd_Ct_PlntPlot
PLNTSTND_pl_plot
PlntStnd_Calc_Plntm2
PLNTSTND_pl_m2
PlntStnd_Ct_Plntm
PLNTSTND_pl_m
PlntStnd_Calc_Plntha
PLNTSTND_pl_ha
PhotopResp_E_1to9
PHOTORESPO_1_9
HNecro_E_0to1
HNECRO_0_1
PH_M_m
PH_m
PH_M_cm
PH_cm
PH_E_1to5
RELTPH_1_5
GrwHabit_E_1to5
GHABIT_1_5
ErlVig_E_1to5
ERLVIG_1_5
PedPubDen_E_0to9
PEDPBD_0_9
NeckBreak_E_pct
NBREAK_pct
PedLng _M_cm
PEDLNG _cm
PedGlau_E_0to9
PEDGLAU_0_9
NodeNO_Ct_node
NODENO _num
HtereInc_E_pct
HTERE_pct__INC
Mat_date_ymd
MATD_yyyymmdd, MATD, MATDATE
Mat_date_jd
MATD_jd, MATD, MATDATE
Mat_dto_day
DTM_days, DTM, DAYSMT, MAT
Mat_relat_1to6
RELTMT_1_6, RELTMT
Mat_relat_1to5
RELTMT_1_5, RELTMT
UtritInc_E_pct
UTRIT_pct__INC
UtritInc_E_1to9
UTRIT_1_9__INC
Lodg_E_pct
LODG_pct
Lodg_E_1to5
LODG_1_5, LodgInc_N_T_S_M_V
Lodg_E_1to9
LODG_1_9
Lodg_E_0to9pcttext
LODG_0_9text
Lodg_E_0to9pct
LODG_0_9
Lodg_E_0to5pct
LODG_0_5
LeafWid_M_mm
LEAFWID_mm
LeafTNecro_E_pct
LEAFTNECR _pct
LeafThk_M_um
LEAFTHK_mm
StomaSiz _M_um
STMSIZ _um
StomaRes_M_sm
STMRES_s_m
StomaFrq_Ct_stomamm2
STMFRQ_num, STMFRQ
StomaCond_M_mmolm2s
STMCOND_mmol_m2_s
PrecoSev_E_pct
PRECO_pct__SEV
PrecoSev_E_0to12
PRECO_0_12__SEV
PrecoSdlgResp_E_0to8
PRECO_0_8__SEEDRESP
PrecoResp_E_1to4
PRECO_1_4__RESP
PrecoResp_E_1to8
PRECO_1_8__ADLTRESP
PrecoResp_E_0to4
PRECO_0_4__RESP
PrecoNote_E_text
PRECO_text
PrecoLegacy_E_9to1
PRECO_9_1
PrecoInc_E_1to9
PRECO_1_9
PrecoCI_Calc_pct
PRECO_pct__CI
LeafPubLng _M_um
LEAFPUBLNG _um
LeafPubDen_E_0to9
LEAFPUBDEN_0_9
LeafLng_M_cm
LEAFLNG_cm
LeafGlau_E_1to5
LEAFGLAU_1_5
LeafGlau_E_0to9
LEAFGLAU_0_9
Chl_M_CCI
CHL_CCI
LeafCID_M_delta13C
LEAVESCID_delta
LAI_Calc_Idx
LAI_index
TindiInc_E_pct
TINDI_pct
InsectDmg_E_pct
INSECTDMG_pct
InsectDmg_E_1to5
INSECTDMG_1_5, InsectDmg_N_T_S_M_V
ISBM_Calc_tha
ISBM_t_ha
ISBM_M_kgPlot
ISBM_kg_plot
ISBM_Calc_kgha
ISBM_kg_ha
ISBM_M_gPlot
ISBM_g_plot
ISBM_Calc_gm2
ISBM_g_m2
InfertTN_Ct_InTllrm2
INFERTNO_tll_m2
InfertTN_Ct_InTllrm
INFERTNO_tll_m
HesFlyDmg_E_pct
HESFDMG _pct
HerbicideDmg_E_1to5
HERBDMG_1_5, HerbDmg_N_T_S_M_V
HelSpSev_E_00to99text
HELSP_00_99
HelSpLegacy_E_1to9
HELSP_1_9
HelSpInc_E_0to9pcttext
HELSP_0_9text
HeatTol_E_1to5
HEATTTOL_1_5
Hd_date_ymd
HEADD_yyyymmdd, HEADD, HEADDATE
Hd_date_jd
HEADD_jd, HEADD, HEADDATE
Hd_dto_day
DTH_days, DTH, HEAD, DAYSHD
Hd_relat_1to5
RELTHD_1_5, RELTHD
HI_Calc_Idx
HI_index
HI_Calc_pct
HI_pct
HailDmg_E_1to5
HAILDMG_1_5, HailDmg_N_T_S_M_V
HailDmg_E_0to9
HAILDMG_0_9
GRWSTG_00_99, DECODS
GrwCls_E_1to3
GROWTHCLS_1_3
GZinc_M_ppm
GRNZINC_ppm
GZinc_M_mgkg
GRNZINC_mg_kg
GYFac_Calc_num
YLDFAC_num
GY_Calc_tha
Yld_tha, GY_tha, GRNYLD_t_ha
GY_M_kgPlot
PLOTGRNYLD_kg
GY_Calc_kgha
Yld_kgha, GY_kgha, GRNYLD_kg_ha
GY_M_gPlot
PLOTGRNYLD_g
GY_M_gPlnt
GRNYLD_g_pl
GY_Calc_gm2
Yld_gm2, GY_gm2, GRNYLD_g_m2
GY_PctChk_pct
YLDCHECK_pct
GYellBer_M_pct
YELBER_pct
GW_TGW_g
TGW, TKW, THOUWT, TGW_g
GW_200GW_g
GW200_g
GW_100GW_g
GW100_g
GVtr_E_1to3
SEDVTR_1_3
TestWt_M_kghl
TESTWT_kg_hl
TestWt_M_gl
TESTWT_g_l
GSize_E_1to3
GRNSIZE_1_3
GScreen_M_pct
GRNSCREEN_pct
GReten_M_pct
GRNRETEN_pct
GProt_NIRS_pct
GRNPROT_pct
GProt_Kjl_pct
GPlump_E_1to3
GRNPLUMP_1_3
GPhos_M_ppm
GRNPHOS_ppm
GPhos_M_mgkg
GRNPHOS_mg_kg
GrnSpl_Calc_GrnSpl
GRNSPL, grains/spikelet, GRNSPL_num
GrnSpk_Calc_GrnSpk
GRNSPK, grains/spike, GRNSPK_num
GN_Calc_Grnm2
GNO, grains/m2, GM2, kernel/m2, KNO, GNO_grains_m2
GMoi_E_pct
GRNH20_pct
GIron_M_ppm
GRNIRON_ppm
GrnIron_M_mgkg
GRNIRON_mg_kg
GHrd_M_pct
GRNHRD_pct
GHrd_M_1to5
HRDCLS_1_5
GHrd_M_1to4
HRDCLS_1_4
GHrd_M_1to3
HRDCLS_1_3
Germ_M_pct
GERM_pct, GermiTest_pct
GFP_calc_day
GFILLPERIOD_days
GFP_calc_pct
GFILLPERIOD_pct
UseTyp_M_1to9+text
USETYP_1_9_text
GCol_M_Lvalue
GRNCOL_L_value
GCol_M_bvalue
GRNCOL_b_value
GCol_M_avalue
GRNCOL_a_value
GCol_E_1to5
GRNCOL_1_5
GCol_E_1to3
GRNCOL_1_3
GCID_M_delta13C
GRAINCID_delta
GApp_E_0to9text
GRNAPP_0_9text
GApp_E_0to9
GRNAPP_0_9
GluD3_M_text
GLUD3_text
GluD1_M_text
GLUD1_text
GluB3_M_text
GLUB3_text
GluB1_M_text
GLUB1_text
GluA3_M_text
GLUA3_text
GluA1_M_text
GLUA1_text
GlmWid_M_mm
GLMWID_mm
GlmPubLng_M_um
GLMPUBLNG_um
GlmPubDen _E_0to9
GLMPUBDEN _0_9
GlmLng_M_mm
GLMLNG_mm
GlmGlau_E_0to9
GLMGLAU_0_9
GlmCol_E_1to3
GLMCOL_1_3
FoxiWilt _E_pct
FOXYWIL _pct
FnivLBSev_E_00to99text
FNIVLB_00_99text__SEV
FnivLBInc_E_pct
FNIVLB_pct__INC
FnivLBInc_E_0to9pcttext
FNIVLB_0_9text__INC
FHBSplInc_Ct_SplInfect
FHB_num__SPLINC
FHBSplInc_Calc_Idx
FHB_index__SPLINC
FHBSpkWt_Calc_pct
FHB_pct__SPKW
FHBSpkResp_E_1to8
FHB_1_8__SPKRESP
FHBSpkResp_E_0to5
FHB_0_5__SPKRESP
FHBSpkInc_E_pct
FHB_pct__SPKINC
FHBSpkInc_E_0to9pcttext
FHB_0_9text__SPKINC
FHBGInc_E_pct
FHB_pct__GRNINC
FHBDON_M_ppm
FHB_ppm__DON
FHBAUDPC_Calc_pct
FHB_pct__AUDPC
FgramSev_E_00to99text
FgramResp_E_0to5
FGRAM_0_5__RESP
FgramInc_E_pct
FGRAM_pct__INC
FgramInc_E_0to9pcttext
FGRAM_0_9text__INC
FrostDmg_E_pct
FROSTDMGP_pct
FrostDmg_E_1to5
FROSTDMG_1_5__SPK, FrostDmg_N_T_S_M_V
FrostDmg_E_1to9
FROSTDMGP_1_9
FrostDmg_E_0to9text
FROSTDMGP_0_9text
FrostDmg_E_0to9
FROSTDMGP_0_9
FolDis_E_1to5
FOLDIS_1_5, FoliarDis_N_T_S_M_V
FlrYld_M_pct
FLRYLD, FLRYD
FlrYellCls_M_1to3
FLRYELLCLS_1_3
SedIdx_M_mlpct
SEDINDX_ml_pct
FlrSDS_M_ml
FLRSDS_ml
FlrProt_NIRS_pct
FLRPROT_pct
FlrProt_Kjl_pct
GluTyp_E_1to5
GLUTYP_1_5
FLRGluCon_M_pct
GLUCON_pct
FlrFN _M_s
FLRFN _s
FlrCol_M_Lvalue
FLRCOL_L_value
FlrCol_M_bvalue
FLRCOL_b_value
FlrCol_M_avalue
FLRCOL_a_value
UagroResp_E_1to8
UAGRO_1_8__RESP
FLeafSen_E_pct
FLEAFSEN_pct
FLeafA _M_cm2
FLEAFA _cm2
FND_date_ymd
FNDD_yyyymmdd, FNDD
FND_dto_day
DTFND_days, DTFND, FND
PherpResp_E_1to8
PHPRP_1_8__RESP
Emer_date_ymd
EMERD_yyyymmdd, EMERD, EDATE, EMERDATE
Emer_dto_day
DTE_days, DTE
TcontInc_E_pct
TCONT_pct
DroughtTol_E_pct
DROUGHTTOL_pct
DroughtTol_E_1to5
DROUGHTTOL_1_5
MixTyp_E_1to6
MIXTYP_1_6
MixTq_M_pctmin
MIXTQ_pct_min
MixTim_M_min
MIXTIM_min
AlvW_M_joules
ALVW_joules
AlvP_M_mm
ALVP_mm
AlvL_M_mm
ALVL_mm
AlvG_M_mm
AVLG_mm
AlvPL_Calc_Idx
ALVPL_index
AlvPG_Calc_Idx
ALVPG_index
AlvIe_Calc_pct
ALVIe_pct
DRidge_date_ymd
DRD_yyyymmdd, DRD
DRidge_dto_day
DTDR_days, DR, DTDR
HavenDmg_E_pct
HAVEN_pct
CropGrwRate_Calc_gm2day
CROPGRWRATE_g_m2_day
GrndCov_GS15_pct
GRNDCOV_pct__GS15
GrndCov_M_pct
GRNDCOV_pct
CookSdF_M_Idx
COKSDF_index
RootRot_E_0to9pct
ROOTROT_0_9
TilSpSpkInc_E_pct
TILSP_pct
ColeopLng _M_cm
COLEOPLNG _cm
ColdTol_E_pct
COLDTOL_pct
ColdTol_E_1to5
COLDTOL_1_5
WI_M_Idx
WI_index
CTD_Calc_C
CTD_C
CT_M_C
CT_C
SIPI_M_Idx
SIPI_index
StayGreen_E_1to5
STAYGREEN_1_5
SR_M_Idx
SR_index
RARSb_M_Idx
RARSb_index
RARSa_M_Idx
RARSa_index
RARSc_M_Idx
RARSc_index
PRI_M_Idx
PRI_index
NWI4_M_Idx
NWI4_index
NWI3_M_Idx
NWI3_index
NWI2_M_Idx
NWI2_index
NWI1_M_Idx
NWI1_index
NPQI_M_Idx
NPQI_index
NDVI_M_Idx
NDVI_index
LofVol_M_ml
LOFVOL_ml
CrmStr_E_1to5
CRMSTR_1_5
BTol_E_1to9
BORONTOL_1_9
Boot_dateInit_ymd
IBD_yyyymmdd, IBD
Boot_date_ymd
BOOTD_yyyymmdd, BOOTD, BOOTDATE
Boot_dtoInit_day
DTIB_days, DTIB
Boot_dto_day
DTB_days, DTB, BOOT
BlkPtInc_E_pct
BLKPT_pct
BlkPtInc_E_0to9pct
BLKPT_0_9
BirdDmg_E_pct
BIRDDMG_pct
BirdDmg_E_1to5
BIRDDMG_1_5, BirdDmg_N_T_S_M_V
BYDInc_E_pct
BYD_pct
BYDInc_E_0to9pcttext
BYD_0_9text
BYDInc_E_0to9pct
BYD_0_9
BSMV_E_0to9pct
BSMV_0_9
RSecaSev_E_00to99text
RsecaInc_E_0to9pcttext
RSECA_0_9text
PhordSev_E_pct
PHORD_pct__SEV
PhordSev_E_0to12
PHORD_0_12__SEV
PhordInc_E_1to9
PHORD_1_9
PhordCI_Calc_pct
PHORD_pct__CI
HgramInc_E_pct
HGRAM_pct
HgramInc_E_0to9pcttext
HGRAM_0_9text
HgramInc_E_0to9pct
HGRAM_0_9
BLS_00_99
BLBInc_E_0to9pcttext
BLB_0_9text__INC
AwnLng _M_cm
AWNLNG _cm
ArmyWDmg_E_pct
ARMDMG_pct
AphDmg_E_pct
APHDMG_pct
AphDmg_E_1to5
APHDMG_1_5
Ant_date_ymd
ANTD_yyyymmdd, ANTD, ANTDATE
Ant_dto_day
DTA_days, DAYSAN, ANT
AntDmg_E_pct
ANTDMG_pct
AlTol_E_1to9
ALUTOL_1_9
AtritResp_E_1to8
ATRIT _1_8__RESP
AgrScr_E_1to9
AGRSCR_1_9
AgrScr_E_1to5
AGRSCR_1_5
AgrScr_E_0to9
AGRSCR_0_9
AcdTol _E_1to5
ACDTOL _1_5
BM_Calc_tha
BM_t_ha
BM_M_kgPlot
BM_kg_plot
BM_Calc_kgha
BM_kg_ha
BM_M_gPlot
BM_g_plot
BM_M_gPlnt
BM_g_pl
BM_Calc_gm2
BM_g_m2
num
0-9 scoring scale
1-9 scoring scale
PstriSpkSev Estimation
Severity of rust in spike is recorded as a percentage, according to the modified Cobb scale. As this relies upon observation it cannot be absolutely accurate. Thus it is common to use the following intervals: 0, 5, 10, 20, 40, 60, and 100 percent infection.
HsatiLInc Estimation
Standard method for Spot blotch incidence.
StritInc Estimation
Standard method for Septoria tritici blotch incidence.
SnodoInc Estimation
Standard method for Septoria nodorum blotch incidence
SepSPInc Estimation
Standard method for Septoria species incidence.
EgramLegacy Estimation
Standard method for powdery mildew legacy.
9-1 PRECO scale
HelSpInc Estimation
Standard method for Helminthosporium species incidence.
g/l
1-6 MIXTYP scale
mg/kg
1-4 HRDCLS scale
1-3 FLRYELLCLS scale
1-9 PHOTORESP scale
1-6 Phenological relative scale
Julian date (JD)
1-3 GROWTHCLS scale
yyyymmdd
WMFlrYellPig Measurement
Standard method for whole meal flour yellow pigment.
SemoYellPig Measurement
Standard method for semolina yellow pigment.
FlrYellCls Measurement
Using the Minolta Chroma Meter Test: 1. A sample of flour/whole meal/grain is placed on the granular materials attachment and compacted; 2. The Minolta Chroma Meter is inserted into the granular materials attachment; 3. Measurements are taken and recorded; 4.Color results are reported in terms of 3-dimensional color values based on the following rating scale: L* value whiteness: 100 white, 0 black; a* value positive +60 red color, negative values -60 green color; b* value positive +60 yellow color, negative values -60 blue color; 5. Flour yellowness classification in classes according the b value (Minolta chromameter) as white (b<12.5), light-yellow (b=12.5-15) or yellow (b>15).
PhotopResp Estimation
Observe the tendency of flowering according day-length
VgP days Computation
Calculated as time in days between emergence (DS10) and first node detectable (DS31).
TSpl date Estimation
Record date of terminal spikelet stage (DS25-30 approx.). It is estimated as the date at which the final spikelet can be observed on the forming spike within the stem of the main culm, typically measured on around 3-5 plants per plot. It required a main tiller dissection and an observation of the apex on an optic magnifier.
RepP days Computation
Calculated as time in days between double ridge (approx. DS14) and anthesis (DS65).
Mat DS87 date Estimation
Record date of physiological maturity (approx. DS87). It is estimated as when the grain reaches the maximum dry weight and the grain becomes viable. It is most easily determined in-field when 50% of the peduncles are ripe (i.e., yellow).
Boot DS39 date Estimation
Record date of initiation of booting stage when 50% of the culms expected to produce spikes are between DS39 (Flag leaf ligule/collar just visible) and DS41 (Flag leaf sheath extending).
Hd DS55 date Estimation
Record date of heading (DS55) when 50% of the spike is emerged (i.e., middle of the spike at the flag leaf ligule) on 50% of all stems.
GrwCls Estimation
Classification of vernalization responsive growth habit as winter, facultative or spring wheat
GFP days Computation
Calculated as time between anthesis (DS65) and maturity (DS87).
FND DS31 date Estimation
Record date of first node detectable (DS31). It is easier to determine in the field than DS30. It is estimated in-field as the day at which the first node can be detected at approximately 1 cm above the tillering node. The observation is performed in the main tiller.
First node detectable time
First node detectable time is when the stem starts the elongation or jointing period, first node becomes visible as it appears above the soil surface.
FNDD
Emer DS10 date Estimation
Record date of when 50% of seedlings have emerged (DS10).
DR date Estimation
Record date of double ridge stage (DS14-15 approx.). Double ridge signifies that the plant’s main growing point will produce no more primordial leaves, and instead will produce primordial spikelets of the young spike. The dissection and observation of the main tiller apex on an optic magnifier is required.
Boot DS45 date Estimation
Record booting stage (DS45) when 50% of culms present boot swollen.
Ant DS65 date Estimation
Record date of anthesis (DS65) when 50% of spikes have flowered (i.e. at least 1 anther dehisced).
Threshblty Estimation
Observe threshability by hand threshing of one or two spikes and rate it according how easily grains are separated from the rachis and glumes using 1 (hard to thresh) to 9 (easy to thresh) scale.
StmWallThk Measurement
Standard method for stem wall thickness.
StmStrength Estimation
Standard method for stem strength.
1-9 general scale
1-5 density scale
1-5 GRNCOL scale
0-9 GRNAPP scale + text
0-9 GRNAPP scale
GApp Estimation
Standard method for grain appearance.
GYFac Computation
Standard method for yield factor
tiller/m2
tiller/m
0-6 Sterility scale
spike/m
plant/m2
plant/plot
plant/m
plant/ha
0-5 percentage scale
kg/plot
g/m2
kg/ha
infertile tiller/m2
infertile tiller/m
InfertTN Counting
Count the number of infertile tillers.
GScreen Measurement
Measured as weight by percentage of all matter passing through a 2 mm slotted screen – 40 shakes in the direction of the slots
GReten Measurement
Measured as weight by percentage of all matter remaining above a 2 mm slotted screen – 40 shakes in the direction of the slots.
GW Measurement (100grains)
To measure hundred grain weight (100GW), count out 100 entire grains (i.e., those possessing an embryo). Dry the grains at 70oC (48 hours should be sufficient) and weigh.
GW Measurement (200grains)
To measure two hundred grain weight (200GW), count out 200 entire grains (i.e., those possessing an embryo). Dry the grains at 70oC (48 hours should be sufficient) and weigh.
HerbicideDmg Estimation
Standard method for herbicide damage.
0-9 DAMAGE scale + text
FrostDmg Estimation
Score the spike damage caused by frost.
BTol Estimation
The response of a cultivar or genotype is expressed on a score 1-9, where 1= highly susceptible and 9 = highly tolerant, based on the extent of bronze colored necrosis of leaf tips extending down the leaf margins
9-1 disease scale
1-9 disease scale
1-5 incidence scale
0-5 incidence scale
0-5 FHB field response scale
1-4 PRECO scale
0-4 PRECO scale
0-12 Modified Cobb Scale
0-9 RCERE scale
0-5 Septoria Response scale
1-5 Septoria response scale
Double digit (00-99) + text
0-9 percentage scale + text
TanSpotInc Estimation
Standard method for tan spot incidence in adult plants.
PstriInc Estimation
Standard method for Stripe rust incidence.
TanSpotResp Estimation
Standard method for scoring tan spot response in adult plants.
SpkDis Estimation
Standard method for spike disease development.
RcereInc Estimation
Main shoots are assessed for sharp eyespot disease.
StritResp Estimation
Standard method for Septoria tritici blotch response.
SepSpResp Estimation
Standard method for Septoria species response.
RootDis Estimation
Standard method for root disease development.
RsolaInc Estimation
Standard method for rhizoctonia root rot incidence.
Note Estimation
Notes taken in the field.
PrecoInc Estimation
Standard method for leaf rust incidence.
PrecoResp Estimation
Standard method for leaf rust response.
InsectDmg Estimation
Standard method for insect damage.
HelSpLegacy Estimation
Standard method for Helminthosporium species legacy.
FgramResp Estimation
Standard method for Fusarium graminearum response.
FgramInc Estimation
Standard method for Fusarium graminearum incidence.
FolDis Estimation
Standard method for foliar disease development.
FHBSpkWt Computation
Relative spike weight is calculated by dividing spike weight (at maturity) from infected by the non-infected.
FHBGInc Estimation
Standard method for FHB grain incidence.
FHBDON Measurement
Standard method for content of deoxynivalenol or DON (vomitoxin) that is often associated with FHB (Fusarium spp.) infected grains.
FHBAUDPC Computation
Calculate area under disease progress curve.
RootRot Estimation
Standard method for common root rot incidence.
BlkPtInc Estimation
Black point incidence is usually expressed as the percentage of grain with black point symptoms.
Rust severity Estimation
Severity of rust is recorded as a percentage, according to the modified Cobb scale. As this relies upon observation it cannot be absolutely accurate. Thus it is common to use the following intervals: 0, 5, 10, 20, 40, 60, and 100 percent infection.
Rust Coefficient of infection Computation
Coefficient of infection (CI) calculated by multiplying the severity times a constant for host response: where immune = 0.0; R=0.2; MR =0.4; MS =0.8; and S=1.0.
HgramInc Estimation
Standard method for Barley Helminthosporium leaf stripe incidence.
Double digit Estimation
The method was improved by using two digits, representing the vertical disease progress and an estimate of severity. The first digit gives the relative height of the disease using the original 0-9 Saari-Prescott scale as a measure. The second digit shows the disease severity as a percentage but in terms of 0-9. Because it is difficult to evaluate diseases on dead leaves, disease notes should be taken when at least four leaves are still alive and green (soft to mid-dough growth stage). Then visually evaluate the average percentage severity on only those leaves of the uppermost four that are infected. In practice, the percent severity is estimated on an overall score. The following format is used for scoring severity: 10% coverage = 1, 20% coverage = 2, 30% coverage = 3, 40% coverage = 4, 50% coverage = 5, 60% coverage = 6, 70% coverage = 7, 80% coverage = 8, 90% coverage = 9. The score of 10 is not used.
Helminthosporium species severity
An assessment of the disease severity in the plants caused by the agent Helminthosporium species.
Worm damage
An assessment of the plant damage caused by worms.
Spike disease development
An assessment of the plant damage caused by spike diseases.
Sharp eyespot incidence
An assessment of sharp eyespot incidence in the plants caused by the agent Rhizoctonia cerealis.
Root disease development
An assessment of the plant damage caused by root diseases.
Rhizoctonia root rot incidence
An assessment of Rhizoctonia root rot incidence in the plants caused by the agent Rhizoctonia solani.
Plant vigour
Assessment of plant growth to describe the capacity of plant to grow.
Plant vigor
Herbicide damage
An assessment of plant damage caused by herbicide.
Boron tolerance
An assessment of the plants tolerance to high levels of soil boron.
Whole meal flour yellow pigment content
Whole meal flour yellow pigment content due to the presence of xanthophyll and other related compounds.
Semolina yellow pigment content
Semolina yellow pigment content due to the presence of xanthophyll and other related compounds.
Flour yellowness
Flour yellowness.
Plant photoperiod response
Extent to which long days hasten flowering.
Daylength sensitivity
Booting time
Booting time is just prior to spike emergence, when the flag leaf sheath encloses the growing spike.
Plant vegetative period
Time period between emergence (DS10) and first node detectable (DS31).
Terminal spikelet time
Terminal spikelet time is when the last spikelet, the terminal spikelet, has been produced.
Reproductive period
Time between double ridge (approx. DS14) and anthesis (DS65).
Maturity time
Maturity time starts at hard dough stage (DS87) often called physiological maturity.
Heading time
Heading time extends from the time of emergence of the tip of the spike from the flag leaf sheath to when the spike has completely emerged but has not yet started to flower.
Growth class
Seasonality, Vernalization response
Grain filling period
Time period between anthesis (DS65) and maturity (DS87).
Emergence time
Emergence time is when the first leaf appears above the soil surface.
Double ridge time
Double ridge time is just when apex changes from the vegetative to the reproductive stage
Anthesis time
Anthesis or flowering time is the period during which a flower is fully open and functional. Pollination and fertilization occur during this period.
Flowering time
Spike threshability
Threshability (ease to thresh) is a score where several spike-related traits such as rachis fragility (brittle or non-brittle rachis) and glume tenacity (hulled or free-threshing).
Stem wall thickness
Stem wall thickness.
Stem strength
Strength of the culm.
Straw strength, Culm strength
Grain appearance
Appearance of a single grain.
Kernel appearance
Foliar disease development
An assessment of the plant damage caused by foliar diseases.
Common root rot incidence
An assessment of common root rot incidence in the plants caused by the agents Cochliobolus sativus, Fusarium spp., and Pythium species.
PhordInc Estimation
Standard method for Barley leaf rust incidence.
Barley Helminthosporium leaf stripe incidence
An assessment of barley Helminthosporium leaf stripe incidence in the plants caused by the agent Drechslera graminea (Helminthosporium gramineum).
Grain yield factor
Yield factor
Infertile tiller number
Number of infertile tillers per unit area, sample or plant.
Grain screenings
Proportion of small grain passing through a sieve.
Grain retention
Proportion of big grain remaining above the sieve.
Grain weight
Grain weight usually expressed as weight of single, one hundred, two hundred or thousand grains.
kernel weight
MIXOGRAPH determination AACC 54-40 A
1. A sample of 35 grams of flour on a 14 percent moisture basis is weighed and placed in a mixograph bowl; 2. Water is added to the flour from a buret and the bowl is inserted into the mixograph; 3. The flour and water are mixed together to form a dough; 4. As the dough is mixed, the mixograph records a curve on graph paper.
ALVEOGRAPH determination AACC 54-30 A
1. A sample of 60 grams or 250 grams of flour is mixed with a salt solution to form a dough. 2. The dough is sheeted, rested and inflated in the Chopin Alveograph; 2. Five 4.5 centimeter circular dough patties are formed and then rested in the alveograph in a temperature-regulated compartment at 25 degrees Celsius for approximately 20 minutes; 3. Each dough patty is tested individually. The alveograph blows air into a dough patty, which expands into a bubble that eventually breaks; 4. The pressure inside the bubble is recorded as a curve on graph paper. The alveograph determines the gluten strength of a dough by measuring the force required to blow and break a bubble of dough. The results include P Value, L Value, and W Value.
ml/%
0-8 Rust infection type
WormDmg Estimation
Standard method for worm damage.
Seedling rust field response Estimation
Seedling host responses are normally scored as susceptible or resistant depending on the infection type produced with a designated isolate in a particular environment. The infection type produced will often change if the environment is altered.
TanSpotSdlgResp Estimation
Standard method for scoring tan spot response in seedlings.
index
Minolta Chroma Meter Test
Measurement of flour/whole meal/grain color with the Minolta chromameter, L value represents whiteness, a* value (reddishness) represents red and green colors and b* value (yellowness) represents yellow and blue colors. Using the Minolta Chroma Meter Test: 1. A sample of flour/whole meal/grain is placed on the granular materials attachment and compacted; 2. The Minolta Chroma Meter is inserted into the granular materials attachment; 3. Measurements are taken and recorded; 4.Color results are reported in terms of 3-dimensional color values based on the following rating scale: L* value whiteness: 100 white, 0 black; a* value positive +60 red color, negative values -60 green color; b* value positive +60 yellow color, negative values -60 blue color.
0-1 absent-present
Zadoks or decimal code (00-99)
1-3 GRNPLUMP scale
1-8 rust field response scale
1-5 GLUTYP scale
1-8 generic disease field response scale
Double digit (00-99)
1-9 USETYP scale
1-9 TOL scale
1-9 SPKDEN scale
0-9 Mc Neal scale
1-9 incidence scale
1-5 TOL scale
1-5 TANSPOT field response scale
1-5 scoring scale
1-5 RELTPH scale
1-5 Phenological relative scale
1-5 HRDCLS scale
1-5 GHABIT scale
1-5 DMG scale
1-3 STMSOL scale
1-3 SIZE scale
1-3 SEDVTR scale
1-3 HRDCLS scale
1-3 GRNCOL scale
1-3 GLMCOL scale
0-9 density scale
0-9 DAMAGE scale
0-9 AWNS scale
0-9 percentage scale
0-5 TANSPOT field response scale
tiller/plant
text
stoma/mm2
spike/m2
spikelet/spike
spikelet
node
grain/spikelet
grain/spike
day
delta 13C
t/ha
s/m
mmol/m2/s
min
ppm
L value
kg/hl
joules
g/m2/day
cm2
CCI
b value
a value
%/min
g/plot
CropGrwRate Computation
Standard method for crop growth rate.
Crop growth rate
It is the rate of dry matter production per unit area.
GrndCov Measurement
High throughput approaches to measuring ground cover are: visual assessment or digital analysis of photographs
GZinc Measurement
Standard method for grain zinc content.
GPhos Measurement
Standard method for grain phosphorus content.
GIron Measurement
Standard method for grain iron content.
UseTyp Measurement
Standard method for grain use type.
GYellBer Measurement
Standard method for yellow berry incidence.
SedIdx Measurement
Standard method for sedimentation index.
AACC 55-10 or SeedCount management procedure.
Standard method for test weight.
SDS-PAGE Electrophoresis (1BL1RS)
Detect in the SDS-PAGE gel the presence of some protein bands from rye chromosome translocation .
Dough alveograph P/G
It is the P/G ratio.
Tenacity/extensibility ratio
ISBM Computation (g/m2)
Sampling is typically performed at sequential developmental stages/time intervals through crop growth. Cut all aboveground biomass in a predetermined area (A). Avoid border effects by sampling away from edges of plot. In most cases, determinations of dry mass are made on representative sub-samples to reduce oven space requirement, take additional measurements (e.g., fertile culm count) etc. Several protocols available (Bell and Fischer, 1994; Reynolds et al., 2001; Pask et al., 2012), decide which method suit better for your objectives.
In-season aboveground biomass
All above-ground biomass at any developmental stage and/or at regular intervals from the emergence to physiological maturity.
grain/m2
GN Computation
Grain number (GNO) as other yield components can be calculated or measured individually (Bell and Fischer, 1994; Reynolds et al., 2001; Pask et al., 2012), decide which method suit better for your objectives. GNO determines the sink size of the crop and under many conditions it is strongly correlated with yield. Grains/m2 (GNO) = yield (g/m2) / TGW (g) × 1000.
SDS-PAGE electrophoresis
1. Extract storage proteins (glutenins/gliadins) from wheat grain; 2. Separate glutenins from gliadins; 3. Run proteins extracts in polyacrylamide gels; 4. Stain the gel and de-stain; 5. Identify the allele for each locus.
SDS-sedimentation determination
A small sample of flour or ground wheat (1.0 grams) is weighed and placed in 25-milliliter glass-stoppered graduated cylinder. This is mixed with different solutions for some minutes and then rested. Finally, the volume of the sediment is recorded after 21 minutes.
StmWSC Measurement
Sampling for water soluble carbohydrate is often combined with in-season biomass sampling and partitioning. Ensure to plan sampling approach carefully to allow for maximal data collection/economy of sampling (e.g., data on partitioning weights can be collected on the same 20 culm sample). The leaf lamina and/or leaf sheath may also be analyzed for WSC separately, or not removed from the stem for ‘whole stem’ analysis. Lab analysis is performed by NIR or wet chemical method.
CID determination
Proceed following the protocol for sampling of grains or leaves for CID in Chapter 6 in Pask et al., 2012. Mass spectrometers generate differential values of stable carbon isotope composition (δ13C), expressed negative values in parts per thousand (‰) (Farquhar et al., 1989): δ13C (‰) = [(Rsample/Rstandard)–1] × 1000. Where: the ratio of heavy to light isotope (R = 13C/12C) for the sample is in comparison to Peedee Belemnite (PDB) carbonate (limestone) standard. Following Farquhar et al. (1989) – rather than using carbon isotope composition values (δ13C), positive values for CID (Δ13C) can be calculated for easier statistical analysis as: Δ13C = [(δa-δp)]/[1 + (δp/1000)]
FLeafSen Estimation
Rate using a scale from 0 (0% senescence) to 10 (100% senescence) using the guide, in increments of 10%.
CT Measurement
Take measurements at least two times from full ground cover to the end of booting ('pre-heading'), and at least two times from the end of anthesis to late grainfilling ('grain-filling') -with 5-7 days between each measurement to give a reasonably heritable estimate of trait expression.
TSpl DT Computation
Number of days from sowing to terminal spikelet (DS25-30 approx.). However, when planting in dry soils in dryland areas it is counted from the first day of rainfall or irrigation which is sufficient for germination, or from emergence date.
Boot DS39 DT Computation
Number of days from sowing to initiation of booting (DS39-DS41). However, when planting in dry soils in dryland areas it is counted from the first day of rainfall or irrigation which is sufficient for germination, or from emergence date.
FND DS31 DT Computation
Number of days from sowing to first node detectable. However, when planting in dry soils in dryland areas it is counted from the first day of rainfall or irrigation which is sufficient for germination, or from emergence date.
DR DT Computation
Number of days from sowing to double ridge (DS14-15 approx.). However, when planting in dry soils in dryland areas it is counted from the first day of rainfall or irrigation which is sufficient for germination, or from emergence date.
Boot DS45 DT Computation
Number of days from sowing to booting stage (DS45). However, when planting in dry soils in dryland areas it is counted from the first day of rainfall or irrigation which is sufficient for germination, or from emergence date.
Field response McNEAL Estimation
Response (type of disease reaction) in adult plant to stripe rust, refers to the infection type and is classified according to the MCNEAL scale.
FHBSplInc Counting
Standard method for FHB infected spikelets counting.
FHBSplInc Computation
Calculated as the index (ratio) of infected spikelets over total number of spikelets by Calonectria nivalis (Fusarium nivale, F. graminearum) causing scab disease in spike.
RsecaInc Estimation
Standard method for barley scald incidence.
TN Counting
Count or calculate the number of total tillers (fertile and infertile) per lineal meter, per plant or per square meter.
TllrCapacity Estimation
Standard method for tillering capacity.
GY Measurement
The weight of the grain harvested is registered on a scale, decide which method suit better for your objectives. In breeding trials, a sample area (rather than the whole plot) is generally used for estimating yield. Discard borders when combine harvest for a better estimation of yield.
PlntStnd Computation (plant/ha)
Calculate number of plant per area (ha).
HNecro Estimation
Some forms of spotting and necrosis result from chromosomal instability or genetic aberrations; these disorders are known as hybrid necrosis. Affected plants show differing degrees of necrosis, often associated with stunting or dwarf clumping. Hybrid necrosis usually is observed in early generation material, and affected progeny are eliminated
GY Computation (pct over check)
Calculate grain yield of an entry as percentage over a local check.
HeatTol Estimation
Observe the growth of plants per plot/entry under heat condition and rate the tolerance.
Canopy spectral reflectance Measurement
Standard method for spectral reflectance.
TilSpSpkInc Estimation
Common bunt incidence is usually expressed as the percentage of bunted spikes within a row.
LAI Computation
LAI can be determined directly by taking a sample of canopy from a plant canopy, measuring the leaf area per sample plot with an area meter or image scanner and dividing it by the plot land surface area. Indirect methods use ceptometer to measure canopy geometry or light extinction and relate it to LAI. (LAI = leaf area / ground area, m2 / m2).
LeafTNecro Estimation
Leaf tip necrosis is observed and rated in percentage.
Adult plants rust field response Estimation
Response (type of disease reaction) in adult plant to leaf/stem/stripe rust, refers to the infection type and is classified according to the following scale: 0-No visible infection. R-Resistant; necrotic areas with or without small pustules. MR-Moderately Resistant; small pustules surrounded by necrotic areas. M-Intermediate; pustules of variable size; some necrosis and/or chlorosis. MS-Moderately Susceptible; medium-sized pustules; no necrosis, but some chlorosis possible. S-Susceptible; large pustules, no necrosis or chlorosis.
SBMVInc Estimation
Standard method for soil borne mosaic virus incidence.
SepSpLegacy Estimation
Standard method for Septoria species legacy.
HtereInc Estimation
Standard method for net blotch incidence.
FoxiWilt Estimation
Standard method for Fusarium wilt incidence.
Lodg Estimation
Estimate of the area lodged in the sampled plot.
SN Measurement
It can be easily and non-destructively measured during grain-filling (i.e., before physiological maturity) by counting in a given area or length of row.
SpkSterility Computation
Standard method for sterility index computation.
WKill Estimation
Observe winterkill of plants per plot and rate it.
AgrScr Estimation
For agronomic score observe visually detectable signs of factors limiting yields and rate.
RLNDmg Estimation
Above-ground symptoms of root lesion nematodes are often indistinct and difficult to identify, but include poor vigor, stunted growth, poor tillering, and wilting in response to moisture stress. Often, crop growth in an infected field will be irregular or patchy. Below ground, cereal roots will display generalized root browning, with lesions rapidly coalescing to produce extensive areas of discoloration. Lesions are only readily observed on the roots in the very early stages of infection. Lateral roots will be reduced in both length and number, and the root system may be thin and poorly branched or appear necrotic.
StomaFrq Counting
Standard method for stomatal frequency.
StomaSiz Measurement
Standard method for stomatal size.
FLeafA Measurement
Standard method for flag leaf area.
BLBInc Estimation
Standard method for Bacterial leaf blight incidence.
SaltTol Estimation
Observe the growth of plants per plot/entry at the field presenting soil salinity and rate the tolerance.
SnodoLegacy Estimation
Standard method for Septoria nodorum blotch legacy.
WtrLoggDmg Estimation
Score the damage caused by waterlogging
Score the damage caused by frost per plot.
HailDmg Estimation
Score the damage caused by hail.
FnivLBInc Estimation
Standard method for Fusarium leaf blotch incidence.
LofVol Measurement
Standard method for loaf volume.
HI Computation
Harvest index is expressed as a ratio and can be calculated as Harvest index = (Grain yield/Biomass).
Ant DS65 DT Computation
Number of days required from sowing to when 50% of spikes have flowered (DS65). However, when planting in dry soils in dryland areas it is counted from the first day of rainfall or irrigation which is sufficient for germination, or from emergence date.
GgtriInc Estimation
Standard method for take all incidence.
StritLegacy Estimation
Standard method for Septoria tritici blotch legacy.
HsatiLLegacy Estimation
Standard method for Spot blotch legacy.
SrolfResp Estimation
Standard method for southern blight response.
EgramInc Estimation
Standard method for powdery mildew incidence.
PthornDmg Estimation
PnegleDmg Estimation
HavenDmg Estimation
Cereal cyst nematodes are more readily detected on seedlings than on adult plants. The roots of infested plants develop frequent branches and swellings (cysts).
SGNDmg Estimation
Distorted leaves and stems are evident prior to heading. As diseased plants approach maturity, galls are formed in the florets, replacing the kernels. The galls are similar in shape to the seed they replace and are dark brown in color. Large numbers of motile larvae are present within the galls and become active after the galls have been moistened. These nematodes can act as vectors of Clavibacter tritici.
UtritInc Estimation
Standard method for loose smut incidence.
Modified cobb scale for severity
Severity of leaf/stem/stripe rust is recorded as a percentage, according to the modified Cobb scale. As this relies upon observation it cannot be absolutely accurate. Thus it is common to use the following intervals: 0, 5, 10, 20, 40, 60, and 100 percent infection.
TindiInc Estimation
Standard method for karnal bunt incidence.
FHBSpkResp Estimation
Standard method for FHB spike response.
UagroResp Estimation
Standard method for flag smut field response.
PherpResp Estimation
Standard method for eye spot field response.
TcontInc Estimation
Standard method for dwarf bunt incidence.
TtritInc Estimation
Tilletia tritici incidence is usually expressed as the percentage of bunted spikes within a row.
TlaevInc Estimation
Tilletia laevis incidence is usually expressed as the percentage of bunted spikes within a row.
BYDInc Estimation
Standard method for barley yellow dwarf incidence.
BSMV Estimation
Standard method for barley stripe mosaic virus incidence.
SuPDmg Estimation
Standard method for suni pest damage.
SnailDmg Estimation
Standard method for snail damage.
SawflyDmg Estimation
Standard method for sawfly damage.
DnoxiDmg Estimation
Standard method for russian wheat aphid damage.
RodentDmg Estimation
Standard method for rodent damage.
HesFlyDmg Estimation
Standard method for hessian fly damage.
BirdDmg Estimation
Standard method for bird damage.
ArmyWDmg Estimation
Standard method for armyworm damage.
AphDmg Estimation
Standard method for aphid damage.
AntDmg Estimation
Standard method for ant damage.
AtritResp Estimation
Standard method for alternaria leaf blight field response.
SproutTol Estimation
Observe the tendency of grain to sprout when in the spike and rate the tolerance.
ColdTol Estimation
Observe the growth of plants per plot/entry at temperature lower than the optimum temperature and rate the tolerance.
Canopy normalized difference vegetation index
Normalized difference vegetation index is used to measure vegetative greenness and canopy photosynthetic size.
AlTol Estimation
Observe the growth of plants per plot/entry in a soil presenting aluminum toxicity and rate the tolerance.
AcdTol Estimation
Observe the growth of plants per plot/entry in a low pH (acid) soil field and rate the tolerance.
Kjeldahl AACC 56-81B
Kjeldahl AACC 56-81B.
GHrd Measurement
Standard method for grain hardness class.
FHBSpkInc Estimation
Standard method for FHB spike incidence.
WMFlrFN Measurement
Standard method for whole meal flour falling number.
GluTyp Estimation
Gluten type is determined based on gluten properties data (flour protein content, Alveograph W, Alveograph P/L) following Peña 2011: Wheat End-use Quality types.
FLRGluCon Measurement
1. A 10-gram sample of flour or ground wheat is weighed and placed into the glutomatic washing chamber on top of the polyester screen; 2. The sample is mixed and washed with a 2 percent salt solution for 5 minutes; 3. The wet gluten is removed from the washing chamber, placed in the centrifuge holder, and centrifuged; 4. The residue retained on top of the screen and through the screen is weighed.
FlrYld Measurement
Standard method for flour yield.
FlrFN Measurement
1. A 7-gram sample of ground wheat or flour is weighed and combined with 25 milliliter of distilled water in a glass falling number tube with a stirrer and shaken to form a slurry. When grinding a wheat sample to perform a falling number test, it should be at least 300 grams to assure a representative sample; 2. As the slurry is heated in a boiling water bath at 100° Centigrade and stirred constantly, the starch gelatinizes and forms a thick paste; 3. The time it takes the stirrer to drop through the paste is recorded as the falling number value.
CrmStr Estimation
Standard method for crumb structure.
CookSdF Measurement
Standard method for cookie spread factor.
StomaRes Measurement
Standard method for stomatal resistance.
StmDia Measurement
Standard method for stem diameter.
StmSol Estimation
Standard method for stem solidness.
StmLng Measurement
Standard method for stem length.
Common bunt spike incidence
An assessment of common bunt (stinking bunt, covered smut, hill bunt, complete bunt, low bunt, high bunt) incidence in the plants caused by the agent Tilletia species.
StayGreen Estimation
Stay-green assessment is conducted through the growing season, starting with the onset of the senescence of the specific organ to be evaluated.
SplN Counting
Both the total number of spikelets and the number of fertile spikelets (i.e., those containing grain) per spike should be counted towards the end of grain-filling, but before physiological maturity (to avoid losses due to movement through the plots). Randomly sample 5-10 spikes per plot, by selecting at the base of the culm. Count the total number of spikelets (pair-by-pair, from the base to the tip), then obtain the average. When sampling large numbers of samples or plots, time may be saved by randomly counting one side of the spike and multiplying by two.
Shattering Estimation
Standard method for spike shattering.
SpkLng Measurement
Measured in centimeters from the base of the spike to the tip excluding the awns (average of 6-10 random spikes in plot).
SpkDen Estimation
Standard method for spike density.
DroughtTol Estimation
Observe the growth of plants per plot/entry under droughted condition and rate the tolerance.
PedGlau Estimation
Standard method for peduncle glaucousness.
PedPubDen Estimation
Standard method for peduncle pubescence density.
PedLng Measurement
Standard method for peduncle length.
NodeN Counting
Standard method for node number.
NeckBreak Estimation
Standard method for neck break.
LeafWid Measurement
Standard method for leaf width.
LeafGlau Estimation
Standard method for leaf glaucousness.
LeafThk Measurement
Standard method for leaf thickness.
LeafPubLng Measurement
Standard method for leaf pubescence length.
LeafPubDen Estimation
Standard method for leaf pubescence density.
LeafLng Measurement
Standard method for leaf length.
Modified Particle Size Index AACC 55-30 or NIR calibrated based on PSI results
GVtr Estimation
Standard method for seed vitreousness.
GrnSpl Computation
Sample as for spikelets per spike randomly select 5-10 spikes per plot, by selecting at the base of the culm. Count the spikelets, thresh, count grains, and calculate; or less accurately simply calculate from calculated grains per spike and measured spikelet number.
GSize Estimation
Visual observation of grains size.
GPlump Estimation
Standard method for grain plumpness.
GrnSpk Computation
The number of grains per spike can be measured independently by threshing a known number of randomly selected spikes per plot (10-20 spikes per plot) or can be calculated as: Grains per spike (GSP) = grains m2 / spikes m2.
GCol Estimation
Standard method for grain color.
GlmWid Measurement
Standard method for glume width.
GlmGlau Estimation
Standard method for glume glaucousness.
GlmPubLng Measurement
Standard method for glume pubescence length.
GlmPubDen Estimation
Standard method for glume pubescence density.
GlmLng Measurement
Standard method for glume length.
GlmCol Estimation
Standard method for glume color.
ColeopLng Measurement
Standard method for coleoptile length.
Chl Measurement
The chlorophyll content of leaves (and other green tissues) can be quickly, and non-destructively measured using a hand-held battery portable optical meter (e.g., Minolta SPAD-502 chlorophyll meter) which measures the chlorophyll content via light transmittance (absorbance of red light at 650 nm and infrared light at 940 nm) and compensates for differing leaf thicknesses. Readings from the instrument are not absolute chlorophyll values, instead each reading is a ‘chlorophyll concentration index’ (CCI; ranging from 0 to 99.9). Measurements are typically made on the flag leaf (once fully expanded), although measurements of lower leaves may be taken to assess canopy chlorophyll profiles.
Awns Estimation
Standard method for awnedness.
AwnLng Measurement
Standard method for awn length.
GW Measurement (1000 grains)
To measure thousand grain weight (TGW), count out two random samples of 100 entire grains (i.e., those possessing an embryo). Dry the grains at 70oC (48 hours should be sufficient) and weigh. This will usually give sufficient accuracy. If weights differ by more than 10%, a third sample of 100 should be taken or recheck the counts.
PH Estimation
Score a relative plant height to local check using 1-5 scale where 3 is used for the local check (1 = short, 5 = tall). Assessment of plant height compared to best local check which represents the best locally adopted germplasm at each location grown in standard or normal environment.
Hd DS55 relative Estimation
Assessment of heading (DS55) compared to best local check which represents the best locally adopted germplasm at each location grown in standard or normal environment.
Mat DS87 relative Estimation
Assessment of physiological maturity (approx. DS87) compared to best local check which represents the best locally adopted germplasm at each location grown in standard or normal environment.
Emer DS10 days Computation
Number of days from sowing to the seedling emergence (DS10).
PH Measurement
Measure the length of individual culms from soil surface to the tip of the spike (do not include awn) and record to the nearest centimeter. (Average of 4-10 plants/culms per plot).
StomaCond Measurement
Standard method for stomatal conductance.
GrwStg Zadoks Estimation
Observe the growth stage or development stage (DS) of wheat plants using the Zadoks scale decimal code, based on 10 major stages, with each stage divided into sub-stages.
GrwHabit Estimation
Observe the growth habit of wheat plants during tillering stages and rate whether erect/semi-erect/prostrate/semi-spreading/spreading
GrndCov Measurement (GS15)
Standard method for ground cover at 5 leaves stage.
GY Computation (kg/ha)
Use formulae to calculate grain yield in kg/ha
GMoi Estimation
Moisture content is determined by drying a grain wheat sample in an air oven and comparing the weight of the sample before and after heating. The amount of weight loss is the moisture content. Moisture content results are expressed as a percentage.
Germ Measurement
Laboratory seed test for germination should be carried out before seeding to calculate seeding rates or determine the status of storage seed. The percentage of seeds capable of producing normal seedlings under ordinarily favorable conditions (not including seeds which produce weak, malformed, or obviously abnormal sprouts), determined by methods ISTA seed testing protocols.
ErlVig Estimation
Observe vigour of the plants per plot/entry and rate it.
Mat DS87 DT Computation
Number of days required from sowing to physiological maturity (approx. DS87). However, when planting in dry soils in dryland areas it is counted from the first day of rainfall or irrigation which is sufficient for germination, or from emergence date.
Hd DS55 days Computation
Number of days required from sowing to spike emergence from the flag leaf (DS55). However, when planting in dry soils in dryland areas it is counted from the first day of rainfall or irrigation which is sufficient for germination, or from emergence date.
CTD Computation
Standard method for canopy temperature depression.
BM Computation (t/ha)
Dough mixograph type
Mixograph type (mixograph curve) is used for determining the strength of dough.
Whole meal flour color
Assessment of the whole meal flour color.
Dough mixograph torque
It is the torque measured during the mixograph test.
Grain Zinc content
Content of Zinc in grain.
Grain Phosphorous content
Content of Phosphorus in grain.
Grain Iron content
Content of Iron in grain.
Grain end use type
Bread wheat end use quality is classified according several quality attributes.
Grain use type
Grain hardness
Grain hardness is used as a grading factor to determine the type of wheat. It is a key determinant for classification of wheat and end product quality.
Grain texture
Flour color
Assessment of flour color.
Dough alveograph value P
P Value is the force required to blow the bubble of dough. It is indicated by the maximum height of the curve.
P value, Dough resistance, Dough tenacity
Dough alveograph value L
L Value is the extensibility of the dough before the bubble breaks. It is indicated by the length of the curve.
L value, Dough extensibility
Dough alveograph value G
G stands for the square root of the volume of air in the bubble that was possible before the bubble burst. Shows how flexible the dough was during the test.
G value, Index of swelling
Dough alveograph extensibility index
It is the extensibility index of the dough. (P200/P)*100; P200: pressure (P) at 4 cm (L= 40mm) of the curve.
Canopy water index
Water index use reflectance at 970 nm as a wavelength sensitive to water content, while reflectance at 900 nm is taken as a reference which is similarly affected by canopy and leaf structures but with null absorption by water.
Canopy structural independent pigment index
Structural independent pigment index uses wavelengths showing the best semi-empirical estimation of the carotenoid chlorophyll a ratio (Car:Chla ratio), and its formulation minimizes the disrupting effects of leaf surface and mesophyll structure.
Stem water soluble carbohydrate
Water soluble carbohydrates accumulate up to and around anthesis and are partitioned to the stem, from where they are later available as a reservoir for remobilization to the developing grains. These reserves are an important source of carbon for grainfilling.
Canopy simple ratio
A vegetation index related with canopy structure, light absorption and photosynthetic capacity.
Canopy ratio analysis of reflectance spectra chlorophyll b
RARSb is an estimation of chlorophyll b content.
Canopy ratio analysis of reflectance spectra chlorophyll a
RARSa is an estimation of chlorophyll a content.
Canopy ratio analysis of reflectance spectra carotenoid
RARSc is an estimation of carotenoid content.
Canopy photochemical reflectance index
Photochemical reflectance index is correlated with the de-epoxidation stage of the xanthophylls cycle, with zeaxanthin, and with radiation-use efficiency (Filella et al., 1996). Higher PRI values indicate greater efficiency.
Canopy normalized water index 4
Normalized water index 4 is used track changes in RWC, leaf water potential, stomatal conductance, and foliage minus air temperature differences when plant water stress is well developed (RWC<0.85)
Canopy normalized water index 3
Normalized water index 3 is used track changes in RWC, leaf water potential, stomatal conductance, and foliage minus air temperature differences when plant water stress is well developed (RWC<0.85)
Canopy normalized water index 2
Normalized water index 2 is used track changes in RWC, leaf water potential, stomatal conductance, and foliage minus air temperature differences when plant water stress is well developed (RWC<0.85)
Canopy normalized water index 1
Normalized water index 1 is used track changes in RWC, leaf water potential, stomatal conductance, and foliage minus air temperature differences when plant water stress is well developed (RWC<0.85)
Canopy normalized pheophytinization index
Normalized pheophytinization index can be used to detect chlorophyll degradation.
Leaf carbon isotope discrimination
Leaves carbon isotope discrimination can be measured in the leaves during early canopy development in well irrigated trials, in which case genotypic effects will be related mainly to transpiration efficiency.
Grain carbon isotope discrimination
Grain carbon isotope discrimination at maturity from drought trials provides genotypic effects most likely to be related to transpiration rate or an integrative measurement of stomatal conductance.
Flag leaf senescence
Assessment of flag leaf senescence.
Canopy temperature
The surface temperature of the canopy is related to the amount of transpiration resulting in evaporative cooling.
Tiller number
Number of total tillers (fertile and infertile) per unit area, sample or plant.
Tillering capacity
An assessment of tillering capacity.
Plant Tillering capacity
Grain yield
A determination of the amount (weight) of grains that was harvested.
Plant stand
Plant population or plant density.
Plant establishment, Crop stand, Plant density, Plant population
Plant hybrid necrosis incidence
Observation of hybrid necrosis.
Dwarf clumping
Leaf area index
It is a dimensionless quantity that characterizes plant canopies and defined as the leaf area per unit ground surface area.
DTFND, FND
Heat tolerance
An assessment of the plants tolerance to heat conditions.
Leaf tip necrosis incidence
A physiological phenomenon caused by hot, dry and windy weather. The whole tip of the flag leaf tends to be necrotic and will often fold over. Leaf tip necrosis progresses from the margins of the flag leaf tip and lower leaves as well show some signs of it. Leaf tip necrosis is observed to some extent in all wheat varieties containing the leaf rust gene resistance gene Lr34.
Grain yellow berry incidence
Refers to grains showing chalky or starchy endosperm areas.
Soil borne mosaic incidence
An assessment of soil borne mosaic incidence in the plants caused by the agent Soilborne Wheat Mosaic Virus (SBWMV) which is vectored by plasmodiophorid Polymyxa graminis.
Septoria blotch severity
An assessment of septoria blotch severity in the plants caused by the agent Septoria species.
Barley scald severity
An assessment of barley scald severity in the plants caused by the agent Rhynchosporium secalis.
Net blotch incidence
An assessment of net blotch incidence in the plants caused by the agent Pyrenophora teres (Helminthosporium teres).
Barley leaf rust severity
An assessment of barley leaf rust severity in the plants caused by the agent Puccinia hordei.
Barley leaf rust CI
Fusarium wilt incidence
An assessment of Fusarium wilt incidence in the plants caused by the agent Fusarium oxysporum.
Lodging incidence
Indicates incidence of lodged plants.
Spike number
Number of spikes (fertile culms) per unit area, sample or plant.
Ear number
Sterility index
Spike sterility observed as infertile florets.
Winter kill damage
An assessment of the plants killed as a result of winter conditions.
Winter susceptibility
Agronomic score
Rating of overall agronomic attributes and health of plants.
Phenotypic acceptability
Root lesion nematode damage
An assessment of the plant damage caused by root-lesion nematodes, Pratylenchus spp.
Flour SDS sedimentation index
Is the result of dividing sedimentation volume by flour protein content.
Specific sedimentation value, Relative sedimentation index
Grain test weight
Test weight or specific weight is the weight of a fixed volume of clean grains.
Grain hectoliter weight, Grain specific weigh
Translocation 1BL/1RS
The 1BL/1RS translocation in wheat resulted from replacing the short arm of the chromosome 1B of wheat by the short arm of the chromosome 1R of rye (Secale cereale L.).
1BL/1RS translocation
Glutenin Glu-D3 composition
Low molecular weight glutenin subunits of Glu-D3.
Glutenin Glu-B3 composition
Low molecular weight glutenin subunits of Glu-B3.
Glutenin Glu-A3 composition
Low molecular weight glutenin subunits of Glu-A3.
Glutenin Glu-D1 composition
High molecular weight glutenin subunits of Glu-D1.
Glutenin Glu-B1 composition
High molecular weight glutenin subunits of Glu-B1.
Glutenin Glu-A1 composition
High molecular weight glutenin subunits of Glu-A1.
Dough Mixograph mixing time
Time required for the dough development from beginning of mixing flour and water to the dough reaches maximum consistency (peak).
Whole meal flour SDS sedimentation
Testing of whole-meal flour quality by SDS-sedimentation, a test estimating gluten-protein overall quality.
grain SDS-sedimentation, whole meal flour SDS-sedimentation
Flour SDS sedimentation
Testing of refined flour quality by SDS-sedimentation, a test estimating gluten-protein overall quality.
FLRSDS
Dough alveograph P/L
Ratio of tenacity (p; maximum pressure required for the deformation of the sample) and extensibility (L; length of the curve) of dough.
Dough strength and extensibility
Dough alveograph value W
Determination of dough strength by alveograph. W Value is the area under the curve. It is a combination of dough strength (P value) and extensibility (L value).
W value, Strength of dough
Leaf stomatal frequency
Number of stomata counted per unit area on the leaf surface.
Leaf stomatal size
Assessment of stomata size.
Flag leaf area
Area of the flag leaf lamina.
Bacterial leaf blight severity
An assessment of wheat bacterial leaf blight severity in the plants caused by the agent Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae. Symptoms: Small (less than 0.04 inches) water-soaked lesions expand and eventually coalesce. Initial lesions become necrotic and turn from gray-green to tan-white. Entire leaves may become necrotic, but heads and glumes are typically symptomless.
BLB, PSYRI
Tan spot incidence
An assessment of tan spot (pyrenophora yellow leaf blotch, Yellow Spot) incidence in the plants caused by the agent Pyrenophora tritici-repentis (Helminthosporium tritici-repentis). Symptoms: The lesions appear as tan to brown flecks, which expand into large, irregular, oval- or lens-shaped tan blotches with a yellow or chlorotic margin.
Salinity tolerance
An assessment of the plants tolerance to soil salinity.
Drought tolerance
An assessment of the plants tolerance to drought conditions.
Septoria nodorum blotch incidence
An assessment of Septoria nodorum blotch incidence in the plants caused by the agent Stagonospora nodorum (syn. Septoria glume blotch) (Phaeosphaeria nodorum (E. Müller) Hedjaroude (syn. Stagonospora nodorum).
Stripe rust plant response
An assessment of stripe rust (yellow rust) response in the plants caused by the agent Puccinia striiformis f.sp. Tritici.
Stripe rust CI
Waterlogging damage
An assessment of the plant damage caused by waterlogging.
Frost damage
An assessment of the plant damage caused by frost.
Hail damage
An assessment of the plant damage caused by hail.
Fusarium leaf blotch incidence
An assessment of Fusarium leaf blotch (Pink Snow Mold, Fusarium Patch) incidence in the plants caused by the agent Calonectria nivalis (Fusarium nivale).
FNIVLB, FNIVAL
Bread loaf volume
Assessment of baking quality of flour describing bread loaf volume.
Harvest index
A ratio of grain yield to total above ground biomass
Biomass partitioning to grain
Bacterial leaf streak severity
An assessment of bacterial leaf streak severity in the plants caused by the agent Xanthomonas translucens. The disease, called black chaff when on the glumes.
BLS, black chaff
Take all incidence
An assessment of take-all incidence in the plants caused by the agent Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici (Ggt).
Stem rust severity
An assessment of stem rust (black rust) severity in the plants caused by the agent Puccinia graminis f.sp. triticii.
Stem rust CI
Septoria tritici blotch severity
An assessment of Septoria tritici blotch severity in the plants caused by the agent Mycosphaerella graminicola (Septoria tritici). Symptoms: The lesions are linear and restricted laterally.
Spot blotch severity
An assessment of spot blotch severity in the plants caused by the agent Cochliobolus sativus (Helminthosporium sativum).
Southern blight plant response
An assessment of southern blight response in the plants caused by the agent Corticum rolfsii (Sclerotium rolfsii).
SROLF
Powdery mildew legacy
An assessment of powdery mildew incidence/severity/response in the plants caused by the agent Blumeria graminis (Erysiphe graminis) f. sp. Tritici.
Pratylenchus thornei damage
An assessment of the plant damage caused by root-lesion nematode, Pratylenchus thornei.
Pratylenchus neglectus damage
An assessment of the plant damage caused by root-lesion nematode, Pratylenchus neglectus.
Cyst nematode damage
An assessment of the wheat cyst nematode damage caused by cyst nematode, Heterodera avenae.
Seed gall nematode damage
An assessment of the wheat seed-gall nematode damage caused by Anguina tritici.
Loose smut incidence
An assessment of loose smut incidence in the plants caused by Ustilago tritici.
Leaf rust plant response
An assessment of leaf rust (brown rust) response in the plants caused by the agent Puccinia recondita.
Leaf rust CI
Karnal bunt incidence
An assessment of karnal bunt incidence in the plants caused by the agent Tilletia indica (syn. Neovossia indica).
Fusarium graminearum incidence
An assessment of Fusarium graminearum incidence in the plants.
Fusarium head blight spike weight
An assessment of Fusarium head blight (scab) incidence/severity/response in the plants caused by the agent Fusarium spp.
Flag smut plant response
An assessment of flag smut disease response in the plants caused by the agent Urocystis agropyri causing flag smut disease.
Eyespot plant response
An assessment of eye spot response in the plants caused by the fungal species Tapesia yallundae (Pseudocercosporella herpotrichoide W-type) and Tapesia acuformis (Pseudocercosporella herpotrichoides R-type). Symptoms: The eye shape elliptical lesions forms on lower base of stem and lower leaf sheath. The eyespots are straw yellow in color from the middle and are surrounded by the greenish brown to dark brown rings.
Dwarf bunt incidence
An assessment of dwarf bunt incidence in the plants caused by the agent Tilletia controversa.
Tilletia tritici bunt incidence
An assessment of bunt incidence in the plants caused by the agent Tilletia tritici (stinking bunt, covered smut, hill bunt, complete bunt, low bunt, high bunt).
Tilletia laevis bunt incidence
An assessment of bunt incidence in the plants caused by the agent Tilletia laevis (stinking bunt, covered smut, hill bunt, complete bunt, low bunt, high bunt).
Black point incidence
An assessment of black point incidence in the plants caused by the fungal species such as Helminthosporium sativum (Cochliobolus sativus), Alternaria alternata and Fusarium spp. Also black point symptoms are associated to physiological disorders.
Barley yellow dwarf incidence
An assessment of wheat yellow dwarf incidence in the plants caused by the agent wheat yellow dwarf virus.
Barley stripe mosaic incidence
An assessment of barley stripe mosaic incidence in the plants caused by barley stripe mosaic virus.
Suni pest damage
An assessment of the plant damage caused by suni pest (Eurygaster spp., sunn pest, suni bug)
Snail damage
An assessment of the plant damage caused by snails.
Sawfly damage
An assessment of the plant damage caused by sawfly, Cephus cinctus.
Russian wheat aphid damage
An assessment of the plant damage caused by Russian Wheat Aphid, Diuraphis noxis.
Rodent damage
An assessment of the plant damage caused by rodent.
Insect damage
An assessment of the plant damage caused by insects.
Hessian fly damage
An assessment of the plant damage caused by hessian fly, Maytiola destructor.
Bird damage
An assessment of the plant damage caused by birds.
Armyworm damage
An assessment of the plant damage caused by armyworm.
Aphid damage
An assessment of the plant damage caused by various species of aphids.
DMGAPH
Ant damage
An assessment of the plant damage caused by ants.
Alternaria leaf blight plant response
An assessment of alternaria leaf blight response in the plants caused by the agent Alternaria triticina.
Sprouting tolerance
An assessment of the tolerance of grain to sprout when in the spike.
Pre-harvest sprouting tolerance
Cold tolerance
An assessment of the plants tolerance to lower temperatures than the optimum.
Low temperature tolerance, Cold susceptibility
Aluminum tolerance
An assessment of the plants tolerance to aluminum.
Acid soil tolerance
An assessment of the plants tolerance to acid soil.
Semolina color
Assessment of the semolina color.
Semolina protein content
Protein content in durum wheat semolina.
Grain protein content
Content of protein (corrected to 12.5% moisture basis) in the whole wheat grain samples.
Whole meal flour falling number
Indication of the amount of sprout damage that has occurred within a wheat sample. Falling number value of 350 seconds or longer indicates a low enzyme activity and very sound wheat quality. As the amount of enzyme activity increases, the falling number decreases. Values below 200 seconds indicate high levels of enzyme activity.
Flour gluten type
Determination of gluten type whether weak-tenacious/tenacious/weak/medium strong/strong.
Flour gluten content
Content of wet gluten in flour.
GLUCON
Flour yield
Proportion of flour recovered during milling.
Flour protein content
Total protein content (corrected to 12.5% moisture basis) in refined flour.
Flour falling number
The falling number is defined as the time in seconds required stirring and allowing stirrer to fall a measured distance through a hot aqueous flour or meal gel undergoing liquefaction due to a-Amylase activity.
Bread crumb structure
Assessment of the cellular structure of wheat bread crumb.
Cookie spread factor
The ratio between average height and width of cookies.
Leaf stomatal resistance
Resistance to diffusion of water vapor through a plant stomata.
Stem diameter
Stem outer diameter.
Straw diameter, Culm diameter
Stem solidness
Assessment of solidness of stem.
Culm solidness
Stem length
Length of stem.
Culm length
Canopy stay green
Assessment on leaves, stems and spikes of the plants when remain/maintain green at the time of senescing.
Spikelet number
Number of spikelets per spike.
Spike shattering
Observation of grains dehiscence from spike at maturity.
Spike length
Length of spike.
Spike density
Assessment of density or compactness of a wheat spike.
Spike compactness, ear compactness
Peduncle glaucousness
Assessment of glaucousness in peduncle.
Peduncle pubescence density
Assessment of peduncle hairiness density.
Peduncle length
Length of peduncle.
Node number
Number of nodes in the main stem.
Peduncle neck break
Observation of spike break from the base of head.
Leaf width
Width of leaf.
Leaf glaucousness
Assessment of glaucousness in leaf.
Leaf thickness
Measurement of leaf thickness.
Leaf pubescence length
Assessment of leaf pubescent length.
Leaf pubescence density
Assessment of leaf hairiness density.
Leaf length
Length of leaf.
Grain vitreousness
One of the key quality parameters in the determination of Durum quality referring to translucent or glass-like appearance when seeds are transversely sectioned and observed whether not vitreous/partly vitreous/vitreous. It is associated with high protein and hard grain.
Seed vitreousness
Grain number per spikelet
Number of grains per spikelet.
Kernel number per spikelet
Grain size
Assessment of grain size.
Kernel size
Grain plumpness
A qualitative trait observing the degree of endosperm filling.
Grain number per spike
Number of grains per spike.
Kernel number per spike
Grain color
Assessment of grain color.
Glume width
Width of glume.
Glume glaucousness
Assessment of glaucousness in glume.
Glume pubescence length
Glume pubescence length on outer side of sterile glume.
Glume pubescence density
Glume hairiness density on outer side of sterile glume.
Glume hairiness
Glume length
Length of glume.
Glume color
Color observation on the outer glume at maturity.
Coleoptile length
Length of coleoptile (a protective sheath that surrounds the shoot tip and the embryonic leaves of the young shoot of grasses).
Leaf chlorophyll content
Chlorophyll content in leaf green tissue. Includes both chlorophyll-a and chlorophyll-b. Chlorophyll is the green pigment found in plants.
Spike awnedness
Observation of awn type whether awnless/awnletted (short awns)/awned (conspicious awns).
Awn length
Awn length.
Plant height
Height of plant from ground to top of spike, excluding awns.
Leaf stomatal conductance
Rate of passage of either water vapor or carbon dioxide through the stomata.
Grain number
Number of grains expressed as per unit area or sample.
Kernel number
Growth stage
Assessment of growth/developmental stages based on Zadoks Decimal code.
Plant growth habit
A qualitative description of the growth habit of the plant whether erect/semi-erect/semi-spreading/spreading/prostrate.
Crop ground cover
Crop ground cover, or the percentage of soil surface covered by plant foliage.
Grain moisture content
Moisture content of grain.
Grain germination
Proportion of seed that germinate under proper condition.
Seed germination
Plant early vigour
Assessment of vegetative growth to describe the capacity of a seedling or plant to grow.
Seedling vigour, Plant early vigor
Canopy temperature depression
Difference between ambient temperature and canopy temperature
Aboveground biomass at maturity
All above-ground biomass at maturity.
Biological yield