Agronomical Agronomical Biochemical Biochemical Fertility Fertility Morphological Morphological Phenological Phenological Physiological Physiological Quality Quality Rice trait Rice trait grain length Length of whole grain including the hull, defined as the distance from the base of the lowermost sterile lemma to the tip (apiculus) of the fertile lemma or palea grain length GrLng GrWdt grain width Width of whole grain including the hull, defined as the distance across the fertile lemma and the palea at the widest point grain width leaf blade color LfBladCol leaf blade color Color of the leaf lamina/blade PanNo panicle number per plant panicle number per plant Number of panicles per plant leaf length LfLng leaf length leaf blade length Length of penultimate leaf blade Describes the pubescence, i.e. the hairiness, of the surface of the penultimate leaf blade LfBladPub leaf blade pubescence leaf blade pubescence leaf angle Position of the tip of the penultimate leaf blade relative to its base leaf angle LfAng leaf attitude awning Presence, distribution and length of awns awning AwType awn type culm internode anthocyanin stem internode anthocyanin culm internode anthocyanin CulmINodAnth Purplish markings, if any, on internodes on the culm/stem attributable to anthocyanin The angle of attachment between the flag leaf blade and the main panicle axis FlgLfAng flag leaf angle flag leaf angle flag leaf attitude panicle type panicle type PanTyp Panicle type, defined by the orientation of primary branches branch attitude GrThk grain thickness grain thickness Thickness of grain with hull LfWdt leaf width leaf width leaf blade width Width of penultimate leaf blade BLSCol basal leaf sheath color Colour of the outer surface of the basal leaf sheath basal leaf sheath color LigLng ligule length ligule length Length of ligule, defined as distance from the base of the collar to the tip of the ligule ligule color Color of the ligule ligule color LigCol ligule shape LigShp ligule shape Shape of the ligule collar color Colour of the leaf collar CollCol collar color Color of the auricle AurCol auricle color auricle color stem length CulmLng Length of the main culm (stem), defined as the distance from the soil surface to the base of the panicle culm length culm length culm angle Angle of inclination of the base of the main culm from vertical Culm habit CulmAng culm angle Culm strength scale SES Culm strength scale SES 1= Strong no bending 3= Moderately strong most plants bending 5= Intermediate most plants moderately bending 7= Weak most plants nearly flat 9= Very weak all plants flat PanLng panicle length Length of panicle defined as the distance from the base to the tip of the panicle when the main axis of the panicle is held straight panicle length Pan2ndBr secondary panicle branching secondary panicle branching The abundance and distribution of spikelets borne on secondary branches of the panicle The attitude of the main axis of the panicle, which ranges from straight upright to droopy Panicle attitude PanAxAtt panicle axis attitude panicle axis attitude Colour of the awns, if present awn color awn color awn colour AwCol ApCol apiculus color apiculus color Color of the apiculus of the lemma stigma color Color of stigma stigma color StgmCol lemma and palea color Colour of the lemma and palea LmPCol hull colour glume colour lemma and palea color LmPb LmPPub Describes the presence, distribution and type of hairs on the lemma and palea lemma and palea pubescence lemma and palea pubescence sterile lemma color StrLmCol sterile lemma color Colour of the sterile lemmas glume color sterile lemma length Length of sterile lemmas sterile lemma length glume length StrLmLng alkali injury The extent to which plant growth is adversely affected in alkaline soils AlkInj alkali injury Alkali tolerance cold tolerance cold tolerance ColdSens Ability of a plant to grow and develop normally under cold conditions. Key periods of sensitivity are during seedling growth, tillering, and flowering DhtRecov drought recovery The extent to which plants recover when soaked with water after exposure to drought. The extent of recovery depends strongly on the severity of drought. drought recovery drought injury drought injury DhtInj The extent to which plant growth is adversely affected by drought. Leaf rolling precedes leaf drying during drought. Response to drought is highly responsive to crop phenology, plant growth prior to stress, and the timing, duration, and intensity of drought stress. For many soils, it takes at least 2 rainless weeks during the vegetative stage to cause marked differences in response and at least 7 rainless days during the reproductive stage to cause severe drought injury. Repeated ratings are recommended through progress of the drought. Record the stage of plant growth when the stress occurred and the number of stress days. drought sensitivity elongation in deepwater stem elongation stem elongation StmElong The ability of the stem to elongate as flood water rises and thus to keep the topmost leaves above water level elongation ability heat injury HeatSens heat tolerance heat injury The extent to which plant growth is adversely affected by high temperature. The key period of sensitivity is during flowering iron toxicity injury iron toxicity IronInj iron toxicity injury The extent to which plant growth is adversely affected by high (toxic) iron content in the growing medium kneeing ability KneeAb The ability of a stem, after it has fallen flat e.g. after floodwater recedes, to start growing upright from a young node (the knee)) and bear panicles, typically an ability expressed by deepwater varieties (applicable only in conditions where culms have fallen flat) CUKNEE kneeing ability KnA PDef The extent to which plant growth is adversely affected by a deficiency of phosphorus in the growing medium phosphorus deficiency damage phosphorus deficiency damage phosphorus deficiency salt tolerance salt injury salinity injury salt injury salinity The extent to which plant growth is adversely affected in soils or other growth medium with high salt content SaltInj The ability of plants to survive a period of submergence SubTol submergence tolerance submergence tolerance zinc deficiency ZnDefInj zinc deficiency injury zinc deficiency injury The extent to which plant growth is adversely affected by a deficiency of zinc in the growing medium Grain yield amount of grain (weight) produced per area GY Grain yield panicle exsertion PanExs panicle exsertion Extent to which the panicle is exserted above (i.e. protrudes from), as opposed to being enclosed within, the flag leaf sheath Phenotypic Acceptability An overall assessment of phenotypic acceptability of the grains for the target breeding objectives, locations and markets Phenotypic Acceptability PhenAcc plant height plant height PlntHt Plant height defined as distance from the soil surface to the highest point of the plant (panicle or flag leaf) excluding awns PlntVg vigor vigor An overall description of the vigour of plant growth, combining several components such as number of tillers, plant height, number of leaves, canopy density Describes the ease with which grains are removed from the panicle during threshing PanThr panicle threshability panicle threshability Tiller number per plant TillNo Tiller number per plant Total number of reproductive and non-reproductive tillers arising from the base of each plant Tillering LodInc lodging incidence lodging incidence Describes the tendency of plants to lodge /(fall flat/) Time elapsed from effective seeding date to grain ripening defined as when 80-85% of grains on panicle are mature (growth stage 9) maturity maturity time of maturity TMat culm strength culm strength CulmStr The stiffness of the culm and its resilience to being bent over Describes how soon leaves senesce leaf senescence leaf senescence LfSen SdGerm The physiological and developmental changes that occur in a seed commencing with water uptake (imbibition) and terminating with the elongation of the embryonic axis. seed germination seed germination Time to flowering (from sowing) Time to heading DFlwS Time to flowering (from sowing) Time elapsed from date of sowing to flowering stage spikelet fertility SpkFer The proportion of spikelets on a harvested panicle that contain filled grains spikelet fertility male sterility group MaleSterGp male sterility group A classification of male sterility according to the type or cause of sterility Describes the stage at which pollen grains abort in male sterile lines. abortion stage AP abortion pattern abortion pattern stigma exsertion StgExers stigma exsertion Describes the tendency of stigmas to be exserted on one or both sides of the florets The extent to which the glumes (i.e. the lemma and palea) of a floret open during blooming GlOp glume opening glume opening fertility restoration This is a compound trait used for F1 hybrids combining the proportion of fertile spikelets at maturity with the proportion of fertile pollen at anthesis fertility restoration FertRest Grain weight GrnWt The weight of a whole grain including the hull Grain weight Amylose content of milled rice as a proportion or percentage of the total amount of rice amylose content AmyCt amylose content caryopsis scent Aroma scent Describes the aroma of rice grains Sct scent chalkiness Describes the extent to which milled (polished, white) rice appears to be a chalky white colour as opposed to translucent white. The chalky appearance arises from the incomplete development of starch grains in the endosperm, which leaves tiny air pockets between starch granules and results in weak grains chalk Clk chalkiness of endosperm chalkiness of endosperm grain elongation grain elongation GrElong The extend to which grains elongate during cooking. High elongation is typical of basmati types of rice Describes the consistency of a rice gel formed by grinding, chemically treating, boiling, and cooling a sample of grains. This measures the tendency of cooked rice to harden on cooling, a function of carbohydrate composition gel consistency gel consistency GelC gelatinization temperature GelTemp Temperature at which the starch in endosperm gelatinizes, one of the key indicators of cooking quality gelatinization temperature head rice Describes how much of a sample of milled rice comprises whole rather than broken kernels. Head rice is defined as kernels longer than 8/10th of the average length of whole kernels head rice percent HdR head rice caryopsis shape decorticated grain shape caryopsis shape brown rice shape CaryoShp Shape of the caryopsis brown rice length caryopsis length caryopsis length CaryoLng The length of the caryopsis, ie the seed with seed coat fused to pericarp, which is the structure that remains after dehulling (decorticating) the grain and before milling, commonly known as brown rice decorticated grain length brown rice protein content brown rice protein content BRiceProtCt The concentration of protein in brown (dehulled) rice pericarp colour Seed coat colour Colour of the pericarp PericCol decorticated grain colour pericarp colour bran colour CaryoWdt The width of the caryopsis at its widest point at right angles to its length (ie the seed with seed coat fused to pericarp, which is the structure that remains after dehulling the grain and before milling) brown rice width caryopsis width caryopsis width decorticated grain width Shape of the sterile lemmas sterile lemma shape sterile lemma shape LemaShp rhizome and stolon formation RhyzForm Describes the presence of rhizomes, stolons and/or tubers in the mature plant rhizome and stolon formation Texture of the main axis of the panicle panicle axis texture panicle axis texture PanAxText ligule pubescence ligule pubescence LigPub Presence and distribution of hairs on ligules FlgLfWdt Flag leaf width Flag leaf width Width of the uppermost leaf of the main culm Flag leaf length Length of the uppermost leaf of the main culm Flag leaf length FlgLfLng PanBasBrDist panicle distance to basal branch panicle distance to basal branch Distance from the base of the panicle to the point of insertion of the lowest branch AwThk awn thickness Thickness of awns awn thickness AwLng awn length Length of awns awn length AnLt anther length anther length Anther length panicle shattering PanSh Describes the tendency of grains to fall off the panicle before it is threshed panicle shattering culm node underlying colour culm node underlying colour CulmNodUndCol Colour of nodes on the culm/stem underlying any anthocyanin markings CulmDiam Culm diameter - 1st internode basal internode diameter stem thickness Diameter of basal portion (ie 1st elongated internode) of the main culm Culm diameter - 1st internode Presence of awns AwPres awn presence awn presence The degree of male (pollen) sterility pollen sterility pollen sterility male sterility MaleSter Spikelet sterility SpkSter Proportion of spikelets on a harvested panicle that contain unfilled grains Spikelet sterility bacterial blight damage bacterial blight bacterial blight damage BBDam The type and severity of bacterial blight symptoms on leaves caused by the bacterial pathogen Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae. Symptoms: lesions usually start near the leaf tip or leaf margins or both, and extend down the outer edge(s). Young lesions are pale green to grayish green, later turning yellow to gray (dead) with time. In very susceptible varieties, lesions may extend to the entire leaf length into the leaf sheath bacterial leaf streak BLS leaf blight bacterial leaf streak damage bacterial leaf blight bacterial leaf streak damage The type and severity of bacterial leaf streak symptoms on leaves caused by the bacterial pathogen Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola. Symptoms: linear lesions with small bacterial exudates rice leaf blast The type and severity of leaf blast symptoms on leaves caused by the fungal pathogen Magnaporthe grisea (Pyricularia oryzae). Symptoms are necrotic lesions on the leaves, in severe cases leading to leaf death leaf blast LfBlastDam blast Leaf blast damage Leaf blast damage The type and severity of brown spot symptoms on leaves caused by the fungal pathogen Cochliobolus miyabeanus (Bipolaris oryzae, Drechslera oryzae). Symptoms: typical leaf spots are small, oval or circular and dark brown. Larger lesions usually have the same color on the edges but have a pale, usually grayish center. Most spots have a light yellow halo around the outer edge. brown spot damage brown spot BS brown spot damage false smut The type and severity of false smut symptoms caused by Ustilaginoidea virens. Symptoms: Infected grains are transformed into yellow-greenish or greenish-black velvety-looking spore balls. FSmut false smut false smut The type and severity of grassy stunt symptoms caused by the grassy stunt 1 virus (RGSV1). Symptoms: severe stunting, excessive tillering, pale green to yellow and narrow leaves with small rusty spots RGSV1Sev grassy stunt 1 disease grassy stunt 1 disease rice grassy stunt 1 disease KSmut kernel smut The type and severity of kernel smut symptoms caused by Tilletia barclayana causing kernel smut. kernel smut kernel smut leaf scald damage LfScald The type and severity of leaf scald symptoms on leaves caused by the fungal pathogen Monographella albescens (Microdochium oryzae). Symptoms: lesions occur mostly near leaf tips, but sometimes start at the margin of the blade and develop into large ellipsoid areas encircled by dark-brown, narrow bands accompanied by a light-brown halo leaf scald damage leaf scald NBLSDam narrow brown leaf spot damage narrow brown leaf spot damage The type and severity of narrow brown leaf spot symptoms on leaves caused by the fungal pathogen Sphaerulina oryzina (Cercospora janseana) narrow brown leaf spot ragged stunt disease The type and severity of ragged stunt symptoms caused by rice ragged stunt virus (RRSV). Symptoms: plants are stunted but remain dark green. Leaves are ragged and twisted. Vein swelling on leaf collar, leaf blades and leaf sheaths RaggedStuntSev rice ragged stunt disease ragged stunt disease ragged stunt tungro rice tungro disease The type and severity of tungro symptoms caused by the Rice tungro virus bacilliform virus (RTBV) and rice tungro spherical virus (RTSV). Symptoms: yellow to yellow orange leaves, stunting and slightly reduced tillering RTungroSev rice tungro disease tungo disease rice tungro virus ShRotInc sheath rot The type and severity of sheath rot symptoms caused by Soracladium oryzae. Symptoms: oblong or irregular brown to grey lesions on the leaf sheath near panicle, sometimes coalescing to prevent emergence of panicle. sheath rot sheath rot stem rot The type and severity of stem rot symptoms caused by Magnaporthe salvinii (Nakatea sigmoidea, Sclerotium oryzae) and Helminthosporium sigmoideum var. irregulare. Symptoms: dark lesions develop on the stems near the water line. Small, dark bodies (sclerotia) develop, weaken the stem and cause lodging. stem rot stem rot StmRotInc UfraDam ufra ufra ufra The type and severity of stem rot symptoms caused by the stem nematode Ditylenchus angustus. Symptoms: leaf mottling or chlorotic discoloration in a splash pattern at base of young leaves in stem elongation or mid-tillering stage, brown stains may develop on leaves and sheaths which later intensify to a dark brown color, distortion (twisting and withering) of young leaves, distortion of panicles which either remain enclosed within a swollen sheath, or partially emerge but are twisted and with unfilled grains, or emerge completely but with unfilled grains and resembling a whitehead. The type and severity of sheath blight symptoms caused by Thanethoporus cucumeris (Rhizoctonia solani). Symptoms: ellipsoidal, necrotic grayish-green lesions, which may enlarge and coalesce with other lesions, initially on lower leaf sheaths ShBltInc sheath blight sheath blight rice yellow mottle disease YellowMottleSev yellow mottle yellow mottle disease The type and severity of yellow mottle disease symptoms caused by rice yellow mottle virus (RYMV). Symptoms: stunting, reduced tillering, mottling and yellowing streaking of the leaves, delayed flowering or incomplete emergence of the panicles, in extreme cases, death of plants yellow mottle disease HojaBlancaSev rice hoja blanca The type and severity of hoja blanca disease symptoms caused by rice hoja blanca virus (RHBV) causing hoja blanca. Symptoms: cream colored to yellow spots, elongating and coalescing fo form longitudinal yellowish green to pale green striations. Streaks may coalesce to cover the whole leaf. Brown and sterile glumes with typical parrot beak shape of deformation hoja blanca disease hoja blanca hoja blanca disease udbatta disease udbatta disease The type and severity of udbatta disease symptoms caused by Balansia oryzae-sativae (Ephelis oryzae). Symptoms: a white mycelial mat ties the panicle branches together so that they emerge as single, small, cylindrical rods. UDInc udbatta disease bakanae disease In of bakanae disease symptoms caused by Gibberella fujikuroi. Symptoms: the plant elongates abnormally, has few tillers, and usually dies before producing grains BakInc bakanae disease bakanae disease The extent of damage caused by brown planthopper (Nilparvata lugens). Symptoms: Partial to pronounced yellowing and increasing severity of stunting. Extreme signs are wilting to death of plants. Infested areas in the field may be patchy brown planthopper damage brown planthopper damage brown planthopper BPHDam case worm damage The extent of plant damage caused by caseworm (Nymphula depunctalis). Symptoms: only the papery upper epidermis of the leaf remains after larvae have fed on the internal leaf tissue case worm CaseWormDam case worm damage The extent of plant damage caused by gall midge (Orseolia oryzae). Symptoms: light-colored tubular galls resembling an onion leaf on the youngest leaf of the shoot in a tiller. GallMidgeDam gall midge damage gall midge gall midge damage GLhDam green leafhopper damage green leafhopper green leafhopper damage The extent of damage caused by green leafhopper (Nephotettix virescens and Nephotettix cincticeps). Symptoms: partial to pronounced yellowing and increasing severity of stunting. Extreme signs are wilting to death of plants. Infested areas in the field may be patchy. leaffolder damage leaffolder leaffolder damage The extent of leaf damage caused by leaffolder (Cnaphalocrosis medinalis or Marasmia patnalis). Symptoms: Larvae consume the leaf tissue except the epidermis, causing typical white streaks. They create a leaf tube during later stages of feeding LfFolderDam rice bug damage RBugDam The extent of plant damage caused by rice bug (Leptocorisa oratorisa). rice bug rice bug damage RWhorlMaggDam rice whorl maggot rice whorl maggot damage rice whorl maggot damage The extent of plant damage caused by rice whorl maggot (Hydrellia philippina). Symptoms: maggots eat the leaf margins causing conspicuous injury and sometimes stunting of plants StemBorer stem borer stem borer damage stem borer damage The extent of damage caused by stem borers, which include Chilo suppressalis (striped), C. polychrysus (dark headed), Rupela albinella (South American white), Scirpophaga incertulas (yellow), S innotata (white), Sesamia inferens (pink), Maliarpha separatella (African whiteheads), Diopsis macrophthalma (Stalked-eyed fly), and several other species thrips thrip damage thrip damage ThripDam The extent of damage caused by thrips (Stenchaetothrips biformis) whitebacked planthopper WBPH whitebacked planthopper damage The extent of damage caused by whitebacked planthopper (Sogatella furcifera). Symptoms: partial to pronounced yellowing and increasing severity of stunting. Extreme signs are wilting and death of plants. Infested areas in the field may be patchy. whitebacked planthopper damage The extent of damage caused by birds. BirdDam bird damage bird damage rat damage The extent of damage caused by rats. Symptoms: the tiller is cut at a 45 degrees angle. Damage is typically heavier in the center of a crop (stadium effect). A tiller cut through by a rodent is likely to regrow, if this is after maximum tillering then the regrown tiller is unlikely to produce panicles prior to harvest. Often the regrown, but non productive, tillers are not scored as rodent damage. rat damage RatDam rice delphacid rice delphacid rice delphacid RDelphDam The extent of damage caused by rice delphacid (Sogatodes oryzicola (Tagosodes orizicolus)). Symptoms: partial to pronounced yellowing and increasing severity of stunting. Extreme signs are wilting and death of plants. Infested areas in the field may be patchy. seedling height Height of seedlings, measured from the base of the shoot to the tip of the tallest leaf blade seedling height SeedlHt anther length measurement anther length measurement Measure five anthers exposed at anthesis and calculate their average mm mm Measure the average length of the sterile lemmas of five spikelets. If the two sterile lemmas on each spikelet differ in length, measure only the shorter one. average sterile lemma length - shorter average sterile lemma length - shorter sterile lemma length scale sterile lemma length scale 3= Short 5= Medium 7= Long 9= Extra long stigma color examination stigma color examination Using a hand lens, examine the colour of the stigmata when the florets are open (between 09:00 and 14:00 during anthesis). Compare the colour against a colour chart or colour-accurate photographs of references. stigma color scale 1 stigma color scale 1 1= 010= White 2= 061= Light green 3= 030= Yellow 4= 081= Light purple 5= 080= Purple Measure the height of 10 seedlings from the base of the shoot to the tip of the tallest leaf blade, and calculate the average average seedling height average seedling height seedling height scale seedling height scale 3= Short <30 cm 5= Intermediate ~45 cm 7= Tall >60 cm average culm length average culm length Measure distance from soil surface to base of panicle on the main culm of representative plants. Take the average culm length scale culm length scale 1= Very short <50 cm 2= Very short to short 51-70 cm 3= Short 71-90 cm 4= Short to intermediate 91-105 cm 5= Intermediate 106 -120 cm 6= Intermediate to long 121-140 cm 7= Long 141-155 cm 8= Long to very long 156-180 cm 9= Very long >180 culm diameter average - cult culm diameter average - cult Cultivated species: compute the average diameter of the basal portion of the main culm on three representative plants culm diameter scale cult culm diameter scale cult 1= Thin <5 mm 2= Thick >= 5 mm cm cm average leaf width Measure width at the widest portion of the penultimate leaf on the main culm of five representative plants. Calculate average average leaf width Calculate the average length of the awns on 10 randomly selected spikelets average awn length average awn length awn length scale cult awn length scale cult 0= None awnless 1= Very short <5 mm 3= Short ~8 mm 5= Intermediate ~15 mm 7= Long ~30 mm 9= Very long >40 mm number of panicles per plant estimation Estimate the average number of panicles per plant. number of panicles per plant estimation number of panicles per plant scale number of panicles per plant scale 1= few 3= medium 5= many average panicle length - mature average panicle length - mature Measure the length of main axis of the mature panicle on the main culm of five representative plants and calculate their average panicle length scale panicle length scale 1= Very short <11 cm 3= Short ~15 cm 5= Medium ~25 cm 7= Long ~35 cm 9= Very long >40 cm gel consistency lab measurement gel consistency lab measurement Place 0.1g ground rice in a test tube with thymol blue (0.025% in ethanol, 0.2 ml) and KOH (0.2N, 2 ml). Shake the tube to mix contents, boil (8 min), rest (5 min) and then place in an ice-bath (15 min). Lay cooled tubes flat on graph paper for 1 hour, and then measure the distance that the gel travels . Included standards, as the age of the rice, degree of milling and operator skill affect reproducibility: IR48 (85?90 mm), IR32 (72-75 mm) and IR42 (30-32 mm). gel consistency scale gel consistency scale 1= Soft 81-100 mm 2= Soft 61-80 mm 3= Intermediate 41-60 mm 4= Hard 36-40 mm 5= Hard <36 mm Examine the colour of the outside of the basal leaf sheath against a colour chart or colour-accurate photographs of references. basal leaf sheath color examination 1 basal leaf sheath color examination 1 basal leaf sheath color scale 1 basal leaf sheath color scale 1 1= 060= Green 2= 084= Green with purple lines 3= 081= Light purple 4= 080= Purple leaf blade anthocyanin presence Estimate visually the presence or absence of a purplish colour attributable to anthocyanin on the penultimate leaf blade anywhere on the the leaf lamina/blade leaf blade anthocyanin presence leaf blade anthocyanin presence scale leaf blade anthocyanin presence scale 0= Absent 9= Present leaf blade pubescence leaf blade pubescence Cultivated species: assess the hairiness of the surface of the penultimate leaf blade both visually and by touch, rubbing fingers over the leaf surface from the tip downwards leaf blade pubescence scale IRRI cult leaf blade pubescence scale IRRI cult 1= Glabrous (smooth-including ciliated margins) 2= Intermediate 3= Pubescent auricle color examination Examine the colour of the auricles against a colour chart or colour-accurate photographs of references. auricle color examination auricle color scale auricle color scale 0= 000= Absent (no auricles) 1= 011= Whitish 2= 062= Yellowish green 3= 080= Purple 4= 081= Light purple 5= 084= Purple lines collar color Observe the colour of the leaf collar against a colour chart or colour-accurate photographs of references collar color collar color scale RD collar color scale RD 0= 0 Absent (collarless) 1= 060 Green 2= 061 Light green 3= 080 Purple 4= 084 Purple lines Measure the distance from the base of the collar to the tip of the ligule on the penultimate leaf of five plants, and calculate the average average ligule length average ligule length ligule shape determination - cultivated Visually compare the shape of ligules with a diagram or photographs representing the standard shape classes for cultivated rice ligule shape determination - cultivated ligule shape scale cult RD ligule shape scale cult RD 0= Absent 1= Truncate 2= Acute to acuminate 3= 2-cleft Assess pubescence (hairiness) of the ligules under a hand lens. ligule pubescence estimation ligule pubescence estimation ligule pubescence scale 1 ligule pubescence scale 1 1= Glabrous 2= Partially hirsute: hairs covering less than 50% of the ligule 3= Mostly or generally hirsute: hairs covering more than 50% of the ligule ligule color estimation - cultivated ligule color estimation - cultivated Cultivated species: visually estimate the colour of ligules at late vegetative stage before flowering. ligule color scale cult ligule color scale cult 0= 000= Absent (liguleless) 1= 011= Whitish 2= 062= Yellowish green 3= 084= Green with purple lines 4= 081= Light purple 5= 080= Purple Measure length of the penultimate leaf on the main culm, from the ligule to the tip of the blade, on five representative plants. Calculate average average leaf length average leaf length leaf length scale leaf length scale 1= Very short (<21 cm) 3= Short (~30 cm) 5= Intermediate (~50 cm) 7= Long (~70 cm) 9= Very long (>80 cm) leaf width scale leaf width scale 3= Narrow <1 cm 5= Intermediate 1cm - 2cm 7= Broad >2 cm Measure length of the flag leaf, from the ligule to the tip of the blade, on five representative plants. Calculate average Average flag leaf length Average flag leaf length Average flag leaf width Average flag leaf width Measure width at the widest portion of the flag leaf on five representative plants. Calculate average flag leaf angle estimation cult early Cultivated species: at anthesis, estimate the angle of attachment between the flag leaf blade and the main panicle axis, near to the collar of the leaf. Record the average of five flag leaves flag leaf angle estimation cult early flag leaf angle scale cult early flag leaf angle scale cult early 1= Erect 3= Semi-erect (intermediate) 5= Horizontal 7= Descending culm angle estimation culm angle estimation Estimate by eye the average angle of inclination of the base of the main culm from vertical culm angle UPOV scale culm angle UPOV scale 1= Erect <15 degrees 3= Semi-erect intermediate ~20 degrees 5= Open ~40 degrees 7= Spreading (>60-80 degrees, culms not resting on the ground) 9= Procumbent (culm or its lower part rests on ground surface) culm internode anthocyanin examination Examine the presence and distribution of purple colour from anthocyanin, on the outer surface of the internodes on the culm. Compare against a colour chart or colour-accurate photographs of references. culm internode anthocyanin examination culm internode anthocyanin scale culm internode anthocyanin scale 0= 000= Absent 1= 080= Purple 2= 084= Purple lines Culm strength estimation - RD Gently push tillers back and forth a few times, at a distance of 30 cm from the ground Culm strength estimation - RD Culm strength scale RD Culm strength scale RD 1= Very weak 3= Weak 5= Intermediate 7= Strong 9= Very strong leaf senescence harvest estimation leaf senescence harvest estimation Estimate by observing all leaves below the flag leaf for their retention of greenness when the grains are ready for harvesting leaf senescence harvest scale leaf senescence harvest scale 1= Very early (all leaves lost their green colour before grain maturity) 3= Early (all leaves have lost their green colour at harvest) 5= Intermediate (one leaf still green at harvest) 7= Late (two or more leaves still green at harvest) 9= Very late (all leaves still green at harvest) Wild species: observe the presence of rhizomes, stolons and/or tubers around the base of a potted plant when it is ready for harvest rhizome formation observation rhizome formation observation rhizome formation scale 1 rhizome formation scale 1 1= Vegetative crown 2= Vegetative crown and stolon 3= Vegetative crown and weak rhizomes 4= Vegetative crown, stolon and weak rhizomes 5= Strong rhizomes and no tubers 6= Strong rhizomes with tubers immature lemma and palea colour Visually determinate the colour of the lemma and palea before the grain ripens. immature lemma and palea colour immature lemma and palea colour scale immature lemma and palea colour scale 1= 010= White 10= 080= Purple 11= 082= Reddish to light purple 12= 083= Purple shade 13= 090= Purple spots on green 2= 012= Green-striped white 3= 042= Gold and gold furrows 4= 052= Brown (tawny) 5= 053= Brown spots on green 6= 054= Brown furrows on green 7= 056= Blackish brown 8= 060= Green 9= 062= Yellowish green Observe the presence or absence of awns on maturing spikelets awn presence awn presence awn presence scale UPOV awn presence scale UPOV 1= Absent 9= present awn color examination immature awn color examination immature Examine the colour of the awns after anthesis against a colour chart or colour-accurate photographs of references. awn color scale immature IRRI awn color scale immature IRRI 0= 000= Absent (awnless) 1= 011 Whitish 2= 020 Straw 3= 040 Gold 4= 052 Brown (tawny) 5= 061 Light green 6= 070 Red 7= 080 Purple 8= 100 Black Average awn thickness Average awn thickness Measure the average thickness of 10 representative spikelets, 1 cm from the apiculus of the spikelet. Cultivated species: grasp a panicle with a hand, apply a slight rolling pressure with the palm and fingers, and assess the percentage of grains that are removed by the action panicle threshability estimation RD panicle threshability estimation RD panicle threshability scale RD panicle threshability scale RD 1= Difficult: few or no grains removed 2= Intermediate: 25-50% of grains removed 3= Easy: >50% of grains removed Using a hand lens, visually assess and evaluate the presence, distribution and type of hairs on the lemmas and paleas lemma and palea pubescence evaluation lemma and palea pubescence evaluation lemma and palea pubescence scale IRRI lemma and palea pubescence scale IRRI 1= Glabrous 2= Hairs on lemma keel 3= Hairs on upper portion 4= Short hairs 5= Long hairs (velvety) Sterile lemma shape Sterile lemma shape Examine the shape of sterile lemmas Sterile lemma shape scale Sterile lemma shape scale 0= Absent 1= Linear(long and slender) 2= Subulate or setaceous 3= Triangular (and very small) Examine the colour of the sterile lemmas of five representive spikelets against a colour chart or colour-accurate photographs of references. sterile lemma color examination cult sterile lemma color examination cult sterile lemma color scale cult sterile lemma color scale cult 1= 020= Straw 2= 040= Gold 3= 070= Red 4= 080= Purple Press spikelets between fingers to check which have filled grains inside. Test five representative panicles to estimate the percentage of spikelets that are filled score spikelet fertility score spikelet fertility score spikelet fertility scale RD spikelet fertility scale RD 1= Completely sterile 0% 2= Highly sterile 1-49% 3= Partly sterile 50-74% 4= Fertile 75-90% 5= Highly fertile >90% Use calliper, photo-enlarger or high-resolution (true 2400dpi) images to measure the distance from the base of the lowermost sterile lemma to the tip (apiculus) of the fertile lemma or palea. In the case of awned varieties, measure to a point comparable to the tip of the apiculus, i.e. excluding the awn. Calculate the mean of 10 representative grains Average grain length Average grain length Use calliper, photo-enlarger or high-resolution (true 2400dpi) images to measure the distance across the fertile lemma and the palea at the widest point. Calculate the mean of 10 representative grains Average grain width Average grain width Wild species: using a calliper or photo-enlarger, measure the average of 10 representative grains average grain thickness average grain thickness 100 grain weight measurement 100 grain weight measurement Cultivated species: take a random sample of 100 well-developed, whole grains, dried to 13% moisture content, and weigh on a precision balance g g vegetative vigor vegetative vigor Assess the vigor of plants in early vegetative stage vegetative vigor scale vegetative vigor scale 1= Extra vigorous, very fast growing, most plants with 5-6 leaves and 2 or more tillers 3= Vigorous, fast growing, most plants with 4-5 leaves and 1-2 tillers 5= Normal, most plants with 4-leaves 7= Weak, plants somewhat stunted, most plants with 3-4 leaves and no tillers in thin population 9= Very weak, with stunted growth and yellowingleaves Average - Tiller number per plant Count all tillers arising from representative plants and compute the average Average - Tiller number per plant Tillering scale Tillering scale 1= Very abundant: more than 25 tillers/plant 3= Many: 20-25 tillers/plant 5= Medium: 10-19 tillers/plant 7= Few: 5-9 tillers/plant 9= Very few: fewer than 5 tillers/plant Observe the extent to which panicles are exserted above the flag leaf sheath panicle exsertion estimation panicle exsertion estimation panicle exsertion scale panicle exsertion scale 1= Enclosed panicle is partly or entirely enclosed within the leaf sheath of the flag leaf blade 3= Partly exserted panicle base is slightly beneath the collar of the flag leaf blade 5= Just exserted panicle base coincides with the collar of the flag 7= Moderately well exserted 9= Well exserted panicle threshability estimation SES Grasp a panicle with a hand, apply a slight rolling pressure with the palm and fingers, and assess the percentage of grains that are removed by the action panicle threshability estimation SES panicle threshability scale SES panicle threshability scale SES 1= Difficult less than 1% 3= Moderately difficult 1-5% 5= Intermediate 6-25% 7= Loose 26-50% 9= Easy 51-100% Culm strength estimation - SES Gently push tillers back and forth a few times, at a distance of 30 cm from the ground at intervals from harvest to maturity Culm strength estimation - SES phenotypic acceptability estimation Before starting to score phenotypic acceptability, define what is excellent, good ... unacceptable grain for the target breeding objectives, locations and markets, and then score the phenotypic acceptability of mature grain phenotypic acceptability estimation phenotypic acceptability scale phenotypic acceptability scale 1= Excellent 3= Good 5= Fair 7= Poor 9= Unacceptable male sterility group assignment male sterility group assignment ? No info in SES on how to identify the group male sterility group scale male sterility group scale 1= Cytoplasmic-nuclear interaction type (CMS) 2= Thermosensitive-genic type (TGMS) 3= Photoperiod-sensitive genic type (PGMS) 4= Thermo-photoperiod genic type (TPGMS) 5= Genetically engineered (transgenic type) 6= Nuclear type pollen sterility calculation Collect pollen from at least ten florets at anthesis, fix in 70% alcohol. Place 2-3 anthers from each of five florets on a glass slide, and squeeze the pollen out in a drop of 1% iodine potassium iodide (I2-KI) solution with a spear-shaped needle. Fertile pollen grains will be round and well stained, sterile pollen grains will be unstained or partially stained, and withered or round. Using a microscope at magnification 10x10, count fertile and sterile grains in at least three microscopic fields, calculate the proportion that are sterile pollen sterility calculation pollen sterility scale pollen sterility scale 1= Completely 100% sterile 3= Highly sterile (99%-99.9%) 5= Sterile (95%-98.9%) 7= Partially sterile (70%-94.9%) 9= Partially fertile to fertile (<70% sterile) Bag two primary panicles of at least 50 plants with glassine bags before their anthesis begins to prevent cross pollination. At maturity, count the filled (fertile) and unfilled (sterile) spikelets of the bagged panicles, calculate the proportion that are sterile spikelet sterility calculation spikelet sterility calculation amylose content - NIRS Take a milled rice NIR spectrum and predict the amylose content using chemiometrics. amylose content - NIRS abortion pattern estimation Collect florets and fix in 3:1 Acetic acid:alcohol solution. Squeeze out pollen grains under a drop of acetocarmine stain, observe under a microscope at 10x10 magnification, and estimate the predominant staining behavior and number of nuclei visible abortion pattern estimation abortion pattern scale abortion pattern scale 1= Pollen free (TGMS line, e.g. Norin PL12) 2= 3= Abortion at uni-nucleate stage of pollen ("CMS-WA" type) 4= 5= Abortion at binucleate stage of pollen ("CMS-HL" type) 6= 7= Abortion at trinucleate stage of pollen ("CMS-boro" type) 8= 9= Abortion at later stage: pollen grains look like fertile pollen (518A cytoplasm from O. nivara) Count the number of florets that have completed anthesis on a given day and the number of those florets that have exserted stigma on one or both sides of the floret. Calculate the proportion of florets with exserted stigma stigma exsertion calculation stigma exsertion calculation stigma exsertion scale stigma exsertion scale 1= above 70% 3= 41-70% 5= 21-40% 7= 11-20% 9= 0-10% seedling vigor Assess the vigor of seedlings seedling vigor seedling vigor scale seedling vigor scale 1= Extra vigorous, very fast growing 3= Vigorous, fast growing 5= Normal 7= Weak, plants somewhat stunted 9= Very weak, with stunted growth and yellowingleaves Step 1 (pollen fertility: see pollen sterility score): Collect pollen from at least ten florets at anthesis, fix in 70% alcohol. Place 2-3 anthers from each of five florets on a glass slide, and squeeze the pollen out in a drop of 1% iodine potassium iodide (I2-KI) solution with a spear-shaped needle. Using a microscope at magnification 10x10, count fertile and sterile grains in at least three microscopic fields, calculate the percentage that are fertile, and score. Step 2 (spikelet fertility): count the number of filled grains andtotal spikelets per panicle and convert into percentage fertile. Score the combination of pollen fertility with spikelet fertility fertility restoration evaluation fertility restoration evaluation fertility restoration scale fertility restoration scale 1= pollen and spikelets both 90% fertile or above 2= pollen 80-89% fertile, spikelets 90% fertile or above 3= pollen 90% fertile or above, spikelets 75-89% fertile 4= pollen 80-89% fertile, spikelets 75-89% fertile 5= pollen 70-79% fertile, spikelets 75-89% fertile 6= pollen 70-79% fertile, spikelets 60-74% fertile 7= pollen 60-69% fertile, spikelets 60-74% fertile 9= pollen and spikelets both <60% fertile Assess the type of lesion and the proportion of leaf area affected by leaf blast. Entries with scores 4-9 may also have lesions of scale 1 or 2. In cases where the lesion develops only on the collar, joint of the leaf sheath and the leaf blade, causing the leaf blade to drop off, a scale unit of 4 is to be given. leaf blast damage estimation leaf blast damage estimation leaf blast damage scale leaf blast damage scale 0= No lesions observed 9= More than 75% leaf area affected 1= Small brown specks of pin-point size or larger brown specks without sporulating center 2= Small roundish to slightly elongated, necrotic gray spots, about 1-2 mm in diameter, with a distinct brown margin. Lesions are mostly found on the lower leaves. 3= Lesion type is the same as in scale 2, but a significant number of lesions are on the upper leaves 4= Typical susceptible blast lesions 3 mm or longer, infecting less than 4% of the leaf area 5= Typical blast lesions infecting 4-10% of the leaf area 6= Typical blast lesions infection 11-25% of the leaf area 7= Typical blast lesions infection 26-50% of the leaf area 8= Typical blast lesions infection 51-75% of the leaf area and many leaves are dead Estimate the % leaf area diseased brown spot damage estimation brown spot damage estimation brown spot damage scale brown spot damage scale 0= No disease observed 9= 76-100% 1= Less than 1% 2= 1-3% 3= 4-5% 4=6-10% 5= 11-15% 6= 16-25% 7= 26-50% 8= 51-75% Estimate the % leaf area diseased narrow brown leaf spot estimation narrow brown leaf spot estimation narrow brown leaf spot scale narrow brown leaf spot scale 0= No disease observed 9= 51-100% 1= Less than 1% 2= 3= 1-5% 4= 5= 6-25% 6= 7= 26-50% 8= Estimate the proportion and distribution of leaf area diseased leaf scald damage estimation leaf scald damage estimation leaf scald damage scale leaf scald damage scale 0= No disease observed 9= 51-100% (apical and marginal lesions) 1= Less than 1% (apical lesions) 2= 3= 1-5% (apical lesions) 4= 5= 6-25% (apical and some marginal lesions) 6= 7= 26-50% (apical and marginal lesions) 8= Estimate the % leaf area diseased in a greenhouse test bacterial blight damage estimation greenhouse bacterial blight damage estimation greenhouse bacterial blight damage scale greenhouse bacterial blight damage scale greenhouse 1= No disease observed 2= Less than 1% 3= 1-3% 4= 4-5% 5= 11-15% 6= 16-25% 7= 26-50% 8= 51-75% 9= 76-100% rice tungro disease estimation rice tungro disease estimation Estimate the stunting and discoloration Estimate the stunting, tillering, spots and discoloration grassy stunt 1 disease estimation grassy stunt 1 disease estimation grassy stunt 1 disease scale grassy stunt 1 disease scale 1= No symptom observed 3= Pale green and slightly narrow leaves, no height reduction and with few small tillers. 5= Pale green and slightly narrow leaves, 1-10% height reduction, and with numerous small tillers. 7= Pale green to yellow and narrowleaves with some rusty spots, 11-30% height reduction, and withnumerous small tillers 9= Pale green to yellow and narrow leaves with numerous rusty spots, more than 30% height reduction and with numerous small tillers sheath blight relative height estimation sheath blight relative height estimation Estimate the relative lesion height, as the average height above the soil of the uppermost lesion on a leaf blade or leaf sheath expressed as a percentage of the average plant height. sheath blight relative height scale sheath blight relative height scale 0= No infection observed 9= More than 65% 1= Lesions only on bottom 20% of the plant 2= 3= 20-30% 4= 5= 31-45% 6= 7= 46-65% 8= Estimate the type and severity of symptoms yellow mottle disease assessment yellow mottle disease assessment yellow mottle disease scale yellow mottle disease scale 1= No symptom observed 3= Leaves green but with sparse dots or streaks and less than 5% of height reduction 5= Leaves green or pale green with mottling and 6% to 25% of height reduction, flowering slightly delayed 7= Leaves pale yellow or yellow and 26-75% of height reduction, floweringdelayed 9= Leaves turn yellow or orange, more than 75% height reduction, no flowering or some plants dead hoja blanca vegetative disease estimation Estimate the proportion of young plants with leaves showing symptoms hoja blanca vegetative disease estimation hoja blanca vegetative disease scale hoja blanca vegetative disease scale 0= No symptom observed 1= Less than 1% 3= 1-10% 5= 11-30% 7= 31-60% 9= 61-100% Estimate the proportion of tillers that are diseased sheath rot incidence estimation sheath rot incidence estimation sheath rot incidence scale sheath rot incidence scale 0= No disease observed 9= 51-100% 1= Less than 1% 2= 3= 1-5% 4= 5= 6-25% 6= 7= 26-50% 8= Estimate the proportion of spikelets that are infected false smut incidence estimation false smut incidence estimation Estimate the proportion of tillers that are infected udbatta disease incidence estimation udbatta disease incidence estimation udbatta disease incidence scale udbatta disease incidence scale 0= No disease observed 9= 26-100% 1= Less than 1% 2= 3= 4= 5= 1-25% 6= 7= 8= stem rot incidence estimation Estimate the propotion of tillers that are infected stem rot incidence estimation stem rot incidence scale stem rot incidence scale 0= No disease observed 9= 51-100% 1= Less than 1% 2= 3= 1-5% 4= 5= 6-25% 6= 7= 26-50% 8= Estimate the proportion of tillers that show visible symptoms of infection ufra incidence estimation ufra incidence estimation ufra incidence scale ufra incidence scale 0= 0% 1= 1-2% 3= 21-40% 5= 41-60% 7= 61-80% 9= 81-100% Sow plants in a greenhouse with a uniform high population of brown planthoppers and observe the damage on the seedlings brown planthopper injury assessment greenhouse brown planthopper injury assessment greenhouse brown planthopper injury scale greenhouse brown planthopper injury scale greenhouse 0= No damage 1= Very slight damage 3= First and 2nd leaves of most plants partially yellowing 5= Pronounced yellowing and stunting or about 10 to 25% of the plants wilting or dead and remaining plants severely stunted or dying 7= More than half of the plants wilting or dead. 9= All plants dead green leafhopper injury assessment greenhouse green leafhopper injury assessment greenhouse Sow plants in a greenhouse with a uniform high population of green leafhopper, and observe the damage on the seedlings green leafhopper injury scale greenhouse green leafhopper injury scale greenhouse 0= No injury 1= Very slight injury 3= First and 2nd leaves yellowing 5= All leaves yellow, pronounced stunting or both 7= More than half the plants dead, remaining plants wilting and severely stunted 9= All plants dead Sow plants in a greenhouse with a uniform high population of green leafhopper, and observe the damages on seedlings whitebacked planthopper injury assessment greenhouse whitebacked planthopper injury assessment greenhouse whitebacked planthopper injury scale greenhouse whitebacked planthopper injury scale greenhouse 0= No damage 1= Very slight damage 3= First and 2nd leaves with orange tips: slight stunting 5= More than half the leaves with yellow-orange tips, pronounced stunting 7= More than half the plants dead, remaining plants severely stunted and wilted 9= All plants dead yellow stem borer deadheart damage assessment yellow stem borer deadheart damage assessment At maximum tillering, observe the proportion of tillers that have stems with deadheart caused by Scirpophaga incertulas. Use an augmented experimental design with a susceptible check replicated at intervals across the whole trial. Dissect stems from 10 hills of susceptible checks at maximum tillering, panicle initiation and late ripening, in order to identify the SB species. The test is considered a valid test for resistance if the susceptible check has more than 20% of tillers with deadheart yellow stem borer deadheart damage scale yellow stem borer deadheart damage scale 0= No injury 1= 1-10% 3= 11-20% 5= 21-30% 7= 31-60% 9= 61% and above Use an augmented experimental design, with a susceptible and resistant check (if available) after every 10 test entries. Replicate test entries three times if seed is available. Observe the proportion of plants with injured and folded leaves. The susceptible check should average at least 40% to accept the test as a measure of resistance leaf folder injury assessment field leaf folder injury assessment field leaf folder injury scale field leaf folder injury scale field 0= No damage 1= 1-10% 3= 11-20% 5= 21-35% 7= 36-50% 9= 51-100% gall midge injury assessment field In a field test, observe the proportion of infected tillers. For the field test to be considered a valid measure of resistance, more than 60% of the plants of the susceptible check should be affected with not less than 15% silver shoot gall midge injury assessment field gall midge injury scale field gall midge injury scale field 0= No injury or fewer than 10% of plants have injured tillers 1= Less than 1% 3= 1-5% 5 6-10% 7= 11-25% 9= More than 25% case worm damage assessment case worm damage assessment Estimate the % of leaf area that have been scraped by case worms case worm damage scale case worm damage scale 0= No scraping 1= Less than 1% 3= 1-10% 5= 11-25% 7= 26-50% 8= 51-100% Observe the severity of damage caused by rice whorl maggot rice whorl maggot damage assessment rice whorl maggot damage assessment rice whorl maggot damage scale rice whorl maggot damage scale 0= No injury 1= Less than 2 leaves/hill injured 3= 2 or more leaves/hill but less than 1/3 of leaves injured 5= 1/3 to 1/2 of leaves injured 7= More than 1/2 of the leaves injured with no broken leaves 9= More than 1/2 of the injured with some broken leaves rice bug damage assessment Observe the proportion of injured grains per panicle caused by rice bug rice bug damage assessment rice bug damage scale rice bug damage scale 0= No injury 1= Less than 3% 3= 4-7% 5= 8-15% 7= 12-25% 9= 26-100% Estimate the severity of damage caused by thrips thrips damage assessment thrips damage assessment thrips damage scale thrips damage scale 1= Rolling of terminal 1/3 area of 1st leaf 3= Rolling of terminal 1/3-1/2 area of 1st and 2nd leaves 5= Rolling of terminal 1/2 area of 1st, 2nd, and 3rd leaves, yellowing of leaf tips 7= Rolling of entire length of all leaves, pronounced yellowing 9= Complete plant wilting, followed by severe yellowing and scorching iron injury scale iron injury scale 0= Growth and tillering nearly normal 1= Growth and tillering nearly normal, reddish-brown spots or orange discoloration on tips of older leaves 3= Growth and tillering nearly normal, older leaves reddish-brown, purple, or orange-yellow 5= Growth and tillering retarded, many leaves discolored 7= Growth and tillering ceases, most leaves discolored or dead 9= Almost all plants dead or dying In a greenhouse test, grow each line in culture solution under two conditions: 0.5ppm P (low P) and 10ppm P (standard P). Estimate the propoprtion of tillers that develop in low P out of the number that develop in standard P phosphorus deficiency tillering greenhouse phosphorus deficiency tillering greenhouse phosphorus deficiency tillering greenhouse scale phosphorus deficiency tillering greenhouse scale 1= 80-100% 3= 60-79% 5= 40-59% 7= 20-39% 9= 0-19% Observe growth in a growing medium with a deficiency of zinc zinc deficiency injury assessment zinc deficiency injury assessment zinc deficiency injury scale zinc deficiency injury scale 1= Growth and tillering nearly normal, healthy 2= Growth and tillering nearly normal, basal leaves slightly discolored 3= Stunting slight, tillering decreased, some basal leaves brown or yellow 5= Growth and tillering severely retarded, about half of all leaves brown or yellow 7= Growth and tillering ceases, most leaves brown or yellow 9= Almost all plants dead or dying Observe the vigor, leaf colour and damage to seedlings grown at 10 degrees C seedling cold injury seedling cold injury seedling cold injury scale seedling cold injury scale 0-1= highly tolerant= no damage to leaves, normal leaf color 2-3= tolerant= tip of leaves slightly dried, folded and light green 4-5= moderately tolerant= Some seedlings moderately folded and wilted, 30-50% seedlings dried, pale green to yellowish leaves 6-7= Sensitive= seedlings severely rolled and dried, reddish-brown leaves 8-9= highly sensitive= most seedlings dead or dying Estimate the % spikelet fertility of plants exposed to high temperature during ... ? Flowering? Ripening? flowering heat injury flowering heat injury flowering heat injury scale flowering heat injury scale 1= More than 80% 3= 61-80% 5= 41-60% 7= 11-40% 9= Less than 11% drought estimation leaf rolling estimate the extent of leaf rolling on exposure to drought drought estimation leaf rolling drought scale leaf rolling drought scale leaf rolling 0= Leaves healthy 1= Shallow leaf folding 3= Leaves partly folded in deep V-shape 5= Leaves fully cupped in U-shape 7= Leaf margins touching forming O-shape 9= Leaves tightly rolled drought recovery estimation drought recovery estimation 10 days after soaking rain or watering ends a period of drought, estimate the % of plants that recover. Indicate the degree of drought stress before watering drought recovery scale drought recovery scale 1= 90-100% 3= 70-89% 5= 40-69% 7= 20-39% 9= 0-19% estimate the ability of stems to elongate based on comparison with check varieties. Specify water depth under which the data was recorded stem elongation estimation stem elongation estimation stem elongation scale stem elongation scale 1= Best elongation response= best local floating variety e.g. Leb Mue Nahng 111 3= Better than that of elongating semidwarf, but not as good as that of the best local floating variety 5= Similar to that of elongating semidwarf e.g. IR11141-6-1-4 7= Better than that of non-elongating semidwarf, but not as good as that of elongating semidwarf 9= Poorest elongation, or none, like non-elongating semidwarf e.g. IR42 submergence survival assessment Field evaluation: estimate the proportion of plants that survive submergence after floodwater recedes. Record the duration of submergence submergence survival assessment submergence survival scale submergence survival scale 1= 100% of plants survive 3= 95-99% 5= 75-94% 7= 50-74% 9= 0-49% kneeing ability estimation SES kneeing ability estimation SES estimate the tiller angle at the point of kneeing kneeing ability scale SES kneeing ability scale SES 1= Tiller angle greater than 45 degrees for 50% of tillers 3= Tiller angle greater than 45 degrees for 25% of tillers 5= Maximum tiller angle less than 45 degrees for 50% of tillers, but greater than 45 degrees for 1 or 2 tillers 7= Maximum tiller angle less than45 degrees for 50% of tillers, but greater than 45 degrees for 1 or 2 tillers 9= No kneeing leaf blade color Visually determination leaf blade color leaf blade color scale leaf blade color scale 1= Light green 2= Green 3= Dark Green 4= Purple tips 5= Purple margins 6= Purple blotch (purple mixed with green) 7= Purple leaf angle Estimate the position of the tip of the penultimate leaf blade relative to its base leaf angle leaf angle scale leaf angle scale 1= Erect 5= Horizontal 9= Drooping average culm diameter - cultivated species average culm diameter - cultivated species Cultivated species: measure the diameter of the basal portion of the main culm, taking the average of three representative plants panicle type assessment panicle type assessment Estimate the orientation of primary branches on representative panicles by comparing them with a diagram of the categories or with photographs of the reference variety for each category panicle type scale panicle type scale 1= Compact 2= Intermediate 3= Open Observe the abundance and distribution of spikelets borne on secondary branches of the panicle, and by referring to a diagram of standards secondary panicle branching observation secondary panicle branching observation secondary panicle branching scale secondary panicle branching scale 0= Absent 1= Light 2= Heavy 3= Clustered Observe the attitude of the main axis of the panicle panicle axis observation panicle axis observation panicle axis scale panicle axis scale 1= Straight 2= Droopy Estimate the presence, distribution and length of awns awning assessment awning assessment awning scale SES awning scale SES 0= Absent 1= Short and partly awned 5= Short and fully awned 7= Long and partly awned 9= Long and fully awned Examine the colour of the apiculus of immature lemmas against a colour chart or colour-accurate photographs of references immature apiculus color examination immature apiculus color examination immature apiculus color UPOV scale immature apiculus color UPOV scale 1= white 2= yellowish 3= brown 4= red 5= purple 6= black chalkiness visual assessment chalkiness visual assessment Polish a sample of rice and evaluate a representative sample visually. Estimate the proportion of the kernel area that appears chalky white, particularly with respect to the belly, the center, and the back. chalkiness 0-9 scale chalkiness 0-9 scale 0= None 1= Small= less than 10% 5= Medium= 11% to 20% 9= Large= more than 20% Caryopsis length measurement Caryopsis length measurement Use calliper, photo-enlarger or scale images to measure the length of ten caryopses and calculate the average Caryopsis length UPOV scale Caryopsis length UPOV scale 3= short 5= medium 7= long Caryopsis length:width ratio SES Compute the length/width ratio Caryopsis length:width ratio SES Caryopsis length/width ratio scale SES Caryopsis length/width ratio scale SES 1= Slender= L/W>3 3= Medium= L/W 2.1 to 3 5= Bold= L/W 1.1 to 2 9= Round= L/W<1.1 Examine the colour of the pericarp against a colour chart or colour-accurate photographs of references. pericarp colour examination pericarp colour examination pericarp colour UPOV scale pericarp colour UPOV scale 1= White 2= light brown 3= variegated brown 4= dark brown 5= light red 6= Red 7= variegated purple 8= Purple 9= dark purple/black alkali digestion estimation An indirect indicator of approximate gelatinization temperature. Incubate six milled rice grains (kernels) for 23h in 10ml of 1.7% KOH. Score individual kernels, without averaging alkali digestion estimation alkali digestion scale alkali digestion scale 1= Kernel not affected but chalky, high gel temp (>74C) 2= Kernel swollen, high gel temp (>74C) 3= Kernel swollen with collar incomplete or narrow, high-intermediate gel temp 4= Kernel swollen with collar complete and wide, intermediate gel temp 5= Split or segmented with collar complete and wide, intermediate gel temp 6= Dispersed mergingwith collar, low gel temp (<70C) 7= Completely dispersed and cleared, low gel temp (<70C) 1000 grain (14%MC)weight measurement 1000 grain (14%MC)weight measurement Weigh a random sample of 1000 well-developed, whole grains dried to 14% moisture content 1000 grain weight scale 1000 grain weight scale 3= Low 5= Medium 7= High days to 80% flowering count Calculate as the difference between the main heading date and the date of effective seeding days to 80% flowering count days days maturity days after seeding Monitor daily , note the date when 80-85% of grains on panicles are mature, and count the number of days lapsed since the date of effective seeding maturity days after seeding flag leaf angle estimation wild flag leaf angle estimation wild Wild species: 7 days after anthesis, estimate the angle of attachment between the flag leaf blade and the main panicle axis, near to the collar of the leaf. Record the average of five flag leaves flag leaf angle scale wild flag leaf angle scale wild 1= Erect 3= Semi-erect (intermediate) 5= Horizontal 7= Descending Peak temperature Gradually heat a sample of milled rice using a Differential Scanning Calorimeter (DSC), which measures the energy expended to raise the temperature of starch crystals as they gelatinize and melt. The temperature at which energy expenditure is maximum (peak temperature) provides a precise measure of gelatinization temperature. Peak temperature degree Celsius degree Celsius Measure the mean distance from the base of the lowermost sterile lemma to the tip (apiculus) of the fertile lemma or palea. In the case of awned varieties, measure to a point comparable to the tip of the apciculus Grain length UPOV Grain length UPOV Grain length score Grain length score 1= Extra long more than 7.5 mm 3= Long 6.6 to 7.5 mm 5= Medium 5.51-6.6 mm 7= Short 5.5mm or less Observe the shape of the caryopsis in lateral view Caryopsis shape UPOV Caryopsis shape UPOV Caryopsis shape scale UPOV Caryopsis shape scale UPOV 1= Round 2= Semi-round 3= Half spindle-shaped 4= Spindle-shaped 5= Long spindle-shaped grain width UPOV estimation grain width UPOV estimation Measure the distance across the fertile lemma and the palea at the widest point grain width UPOV scale grain width UPOV scale 3= Narrow 5= Medium 7= Broad Yield measurement Harvest grain from at least 5 m2/plot, discarding at least three border rows. Thresh, dry the rough (paddy) rice to 14% moisture content, and weigh. Yield measurement kg per ha kg per ha head rice proportion Dehull and mill (polish) a sample of grains (paddy). Weigh the whole sample of polished rice, including both whole and broken kernels. Measure the length of 10 randomly selected whole kernels and compute the average. Head rice are all the kernels longer than 8/10th of the average length of whole kernels. Separate and weigh the head rice, and calculate the proportion of head rice out of the total weight of polished rice head rice proportion % % lodging incidence % lodging incidence % Indicate % of plants that lodged % of plants that lodged % of plants that lodged Average panicle length - immature Measure the length of main axis of the immature panicle on the main culm of five representative plants and calculate their average Average panicle length - immature Measure the height from the soil surface to hightest point of the plant plant height measurement plant height measurement plant height scale plant height scale 1= Semidwarf (lowland: less than 110 cm, upland: less than 90 cm) 5= Intermediate (lowland: 110-130 cm, upland: 90-125 cm) 9= Tall (lowland: more than 130 cm, upland: more than 125 cm) spikelet fertility estimation SES spikelet fertility estimation SES Press spikelets between fingers to check which have filled grains inside. Test five representative panicles to estimate the percentage of spikelets that are filled spikelet fertility scale SES spikelet fertility scale SES 1= Highly fertile >90% 3= Fertile 75-89% 5= Partly sterile 50-74% 7= Highly sterile <50% to trace 9= Completely sterile 0% apiculus shape ApSh apiculus shape Shape of the apiculus of the lemma auricle anthocyanin auricle anthocyanin AurShp Describes the purplish pigmentation, if any, attributable to anthocyanin on the auricles awn distribution The proportion and distribution of awned spikelets on a panicle AwDist awn distribution BLSAnth basal leaf sheath anthocyanin basal leaf sheath anthocyanin Describes the purplish pigmentation, if any, attributable to anthocyanin on the outer surface of the basal leaf sheath chromosome number chromosome number ChrNo The number of chromosomes in the nucleus ColeoAnth coleoptile anthocyanin coleoptile anthocyanin Purple pigmentation attributable to anthocyanin on the coleoptile CollAnth collar anthocyanin Describes the purplish pigmentation, if any, attributable to anthocyanin on the collars collar anthocyanin culm internode color CulmINodCol culm internode color stem internode color Color of the internodes on the culm/stem. CulmINodUnderCol stem internode underlying colour culm internode underlying colour culm internode underlying colour Colour of internodes on the culm/stem underlying any anthocyanin markings culm node anthocyanin Stem node anthocyanin CulmNodAnth culm node anthocyanin Purplish markings, if any, on nodes on the culm/stem attributable to anthocyanin total number of reproductive and non-reproductive tillers after full heading culm number culm number CulmNo EndoType A broad classification of the type of endosperm based on the presence or absence of amylose endosperm type endosperm type flowering date Date of flowering heading date FlwDate flowering date GrDiscol The extent of discoloration of glumes caused by species of Sarocladium, Bipolaris, Alternaria, Gerlachia, Fusarium, Phoma, Curcularia, Trichoconiella, and Pseudomonas. Symptoms: Darkening of glumes of spikelets, brown color to black including rotten glumes. Intensity ranges from sporadic discoloration to discoloration of the whole glume grain discoloration grain discoloration grain discoloration grassy stunt 2 disease The type and severity of grassy stunt symptoms caused by the grassy stunt 2 virus (RGSV2). Symptoms: severe stunting, excessive tillering, yellow to orange and narrow leaves with small rusty spots RGSV2Sev rice grassy stunt 2 disease grassy stunt 2 disease Lemma keel anthocyanin keel anthocyanin Intensity of purple colour attributable to anthocyanin on the keel of the lemma KeelAnth keel anthocyanin leaf blade anthocyanin leaf blade anthocyanin Describes the purplish pigmentation, if any, attributable to anthocyanin on the penultimate leaf lamina/blade LfBladAnth Intensity of greenness on the penultimate leaf lamina/blade, if visible under any purplish colour attributable to anthocyanin LfBladGreen leaf blade greenness leaf blade greenness leaf margin pubescence Describes the pubescence, i.e. the hairiness, of the leaf margin LfMargPub leaf margin pubescence lemma and palea color ornementation Colour ornamentation of the lemma and palea. It characterizes the colours present only on parts of the lemma and palea lemma and palea color ornementation glume colour LmPColOrn hull colour lemma phenol reaction Describes the change in colour of lemmas in response phenol PhenReac lemma phenol reaction Describes the form of the margin of the ligule ligule margin shape ligule margin shape LigMargShp Describes the extent of outcrossing of male sterile lines Outcrossing extent OutXExt Outcrossing extent panicle basal branch number panicle basal branch number PanN Number of primary branches on the basal whorl of the panicle The type and severity of panicle blast symptoms caused by the fungal pathogen Magnaporthe grisea (Pyricularia oryzae). Symptoms: Dark, necrotic lesions cover partially or completely around the panicle base (node) or the uppermost internode or the lower part pf panicle axis. The panicles are greyish and have either partially filled or unfilled grains panicle blast damage neck blast panicle blast panicle blast damage PBDam panicle blast panicle blast severity The type and severity of panicle blast symptoms caused by the fungal pathogen Magnaporthe grisea (Pyricularia oryzae). Symptoms: Dark, necrotic lesions cover partially or completely around the panicle base (node) or the uppermost internode or the lower part pf panicle axis. The panicles are greyish and have either partially filled or unfilled grains panicle blast severity PBSev neck blast panicle blast The type and severity of panicle blast symptoms caused by the fungal pathogen Magnaporthe grisea (Pyricularia oryzae). Symptoms: Dark, necrotic lesions cover partially or completely around the panicle base (node) or the uppermost internode or the lower part pf panicle axis. The panicles are greyish and have either partially filled or unfilled grains panicle blast incidence panicle blast incidence PBInc neck blast PanBrArr panicle branch arrangement The arrangement of primary branches on the panicle axis, grouped into whorls or individually on alternate sides panicle branch arrangement Date of effective seeding, ie the date when seeds were first moistened This may be the date of soaking for pre-soaked seed, or the date of sowing for dry seed sown onto a wet seedbed, or the date when rain or other moisture becomes available to seed sown dry on a dry seedbed SdDate seeding date seeding date yellow dwarf YellowDwarfSev The type and severity of yellow dwarf symptoms caused by a mycoplasma. Symptoms: pale yellow, droopy leaves, excessive tillering and stunting yellow dwarf alkali injury assessment Observe growth in alkaline soil in relation to standard resistant and susceptible checks. Since some soil problems are very heterogenous in the field, several replications may be needed to obtain reliable scores. alkali injury assessment anther colour examination anther colour examination Using a hand lens, examine the colour of the anthers when the florets are open (between 09:00 and 14:00 during anthesis). Compare against a colour chart or colour-accurate photographs of references. Use 3-digit scale codes for common scoring system across all colour traits Examine the colour of the area just below the apiculus of immature lemmas and estimate the intensity of any purple colour attributable to anthocyanin anthocyanin below apiculus examination immature anthocyanin below apiculus examination immature Examine the colour of the area just below the apiculus of mature lemmas and estimate the intensity of any purple colour attributable to anthocyanin anthocyanin below apiculus examination mature anthocyanin below apiculus examination mature immature apiculus anthocyanin examination Examine the intensity of any purple colour attributable to anthocyanin on the apiculus of immature lemmas immature apiculus anthocyanin examination mature apiculus anthocyanin examination Examine the apiculus of mature lemmas and estimate the intensity of any purple colour attributable to anthocyanin mature apiculus anthocyanin examination Examine the colour of the apiculus of maturing lemmas against a colour chart or colour-accurate photographs of references Mature apiculus color examination Mature apiculus color examination apiculus shape examination Examine the shape (pointed, curved) of the apiculus apiculus shape examination auricle anthocyanin presence Estimate the presence/absence of purplish pigmentation attributable to anthocyanin on the auricles auricle anthocyanin presence Examine the colour of the awns after harvest against a colour chart or colour-accurate photographs of references. awn color examination mature UPOV / IRRI awn color examination mature UPOV / IRRI Awn distribution observation Awn distribution observation Observe the distribution of awned spikelets along a panicle Cultivated species: measure the length of the longest awn longest awn length longest awn length awn presence on wild species Wild species: while the spikelets are maturing, observe the presence of awns awn presence on wild species bacterial blight race 1 damage estimation field bacterial blight race 1 damage estimation field Estimate the % leaf area diseased in a field test where the pathogen is known to be race 1 Estimate the % leaf area diseased in a field test where the pathogen is known to be race 2 bacterial blight race 2 damage estimation field bacterial blight race 2 damage estimation field bacterial blight damage estimation field Estimate the % leaf area diseased in a field test bacterial blight damage estimation field bacterial leaf streak damage estimation bacterial leaf streak damage estimation Estimate the type and severity of damage to leaves estimate the proportion of tillers that are infected bakanae disease incidence estimation bakanae disease incidence estimation Observe the presence and intensity of any purplish colour that can be attributed to anthocyanin on the outer surface of the basal leaf sheath basal leaf sheath anthocyanin presence basal leaf sheath anthocyanin presence bird damage incidence estimation bird damage incidence estimation Estimate the proportion of panicles that are damaged by birds brown planthopper injury assessment field Observe the damage on the plants caused by brown planthopper. For a field test, use an augmented experimental design with a susceptible check replicated at intervals across the whole trial. The test is considered a valid test for resistance if the hopper population is uniformly distributed at a high level across the screening box, as indicated by hopper counts on the susceptible check. A minimum of the following hopper density on susceptible check is necessary: a. 10 hoppers/hill at 10-15 days after transplanting, b. 25 hoppers / hiII at maximum tillering, c. 100 hoppers/hill at early booting stage brown planthopper injury assessment field Sow plants in an enclosed cage or greenhouse with a uniform high population of biotype 1 of brown planthopper, and observe the damage on the seedlings brown planthopper biotype 1 injury assessment brown planthopper biotype 1 injury assessment brown planthopper biotype 2 injury assessment Sow plants in an enclosed cage or greenhouse with a uniform high population of biotype 2 of brown planthopper, and observe the damage on the seedlings brown planthopper biotype 2 injury assessment brown planthopper biotype 3 injury assessment brown planthopper biotype 3 injury assessment Sow plants in an enclosed cage or greenhouse with a uniform high population of biotype 3 of brown planthopper, and observe the damage on the seedlings brown rice protein content brown rice protein content Use standard laboratory procedure to measure the protein content of brown rice grains at 14% moisture content Caryopsis length SES Caryopsis length SES Measure and score the length of the caryopsis Caryopsis width measurement Use calliper, photo-enlarger or scale images to measure the width of ten caryopses at their widest point at right angles to its length and calculate their average Caryopsis width measurement Collect 5-10 blooming florets of a male sterile line from different plants and measure the average angle of the opening between glumes (viz., lemma and palea) glume opening angle glume opening angle mature lemma and palea color Visually determinate the colour of the lemma and palea after harvest. mature lemma and palea color flowering cold injury flowering cold injury Observe effects on spikelet fertility, heading and growth of plants grown at 17-18 degrees during flowering vegetative cold injury Observe effects on vigour and leaf colour of plants grown at 17-18 degrees C before flowering vegetative cold injury coleoptile anthocyanin evaluation Place non-dormant grains on moistened filter paper and cover with a petri-dish lid during germination. After the coleoptiles have reached a length of about 5 mm in darkness, place them in artificial light (daylight equivalent) at 750-1250 lux continuously for 3 to 4 days, at a temperature of 25 to 30 degrees Centigrade. Observe colour when the coleoptile is fully with first leaf just emerging (about 6 to 7 days) coleoptile anthocyanin evaluation collar anthocyanin presence collar anthocyanin presence Observe the presence/absence of purplish pigmentation attributable to anthocyanin on the collars average culm diameter Compute the average diameter of the basal portion of the main culm on three representative plants average culm diameter average culm diameter - wild species average culm diameter - wild species Wild species: measure the diameter of the basal portion of the main culm, taking the average of five representative plants culm internode color Observe the colour of the internodes on the culm culm internode color If visible under any anthocyanin colouration, examine the underlying colour of the outer surface of the internodes on the culm. Compare against a colour chart or colour-accurate photographs of references. culm internode underlying colour examination culm internode underlying colour examination culm node anthocyanin presence Estimate the presence/absence of purple colour from anthocyanin on the nodes on the culm. culm node anthocyanin presence Observe the intensity of purple colour from anthocyanin on the nodes on the culm. culm node anthocyanin intensity culm node anthocyanin intensity Examine the presence and distribution of purple colour from anthocyanin, on the outer surface of the nodes on the culm. Compare against a colour chart or colour-accurate photographs of references. culm node anthocyanin distribution culm node anthocyanin distribution culm node underlying colour examination culm node underlying colour examination If visible under any anthocyanin colouration, examine the underlying colour of the outer surface of the nodes on the culm. Compare against a colour chart or colour-accurate photographs of references. culm number measurement per plant culm number measurement per plant Count the total number of grain-bearing and non-bearing tillers on five plants and calculate the average Estimate the earliness of the heading in plots, defining time of heading as the date when 50% of plants have panicles halfway emerged Time of 50% heading estimation Time of 50% heading estimation drought estimation leaf drying estimate the extent to which leaves dry on exposure to drought drought estimation leaf drying drought estimation spikelet sterility estimate the proportion of spikelet fertility after exposure to drought drought estimation spikelet sterility Stain polished (milled, white) rice grains with a weak KI-I solution, prepared by mixing 0.1% I2 solution with 0.2% KI solution, and observe the colour of the stained endosperm Endosperm type assessment Endosperm type assessment flag leaf angle estimation cult late flag leaf angle estimation cult late Cultivated species: at anthesis, estimate the angle of attachment between the flag leaf blade and the main panicle axis, near to the collar of the leaf. Record the average of five flag leaves First heading date observation Monitor developing plants daily, and record the date on which first flush of flowering heads appear First heading date observation Monitor developing plants daily, and record the date on which 80% of the flowering heads have appeared Main flowering date observation Main flowering date observation gall midge injury assessment greenhouse gall midge injury assessment greenhouse In a greenhouse test, observe the proportion of plants with silver shoots. For the greenhouse test to be considered a valid measure of resistance, 60% of the plants of the susceptible check should show silver shoots Estimate the proportion of glumes that are discoloured grain discoloration incidence estimation grain discoloration incidence estimation grain elongation ratio grain elongation ratio Measure the ratio of the length of cooked to uncooked polished (white) rice grains 10 grain weight measurement 10 grain weight measurement Wild species: take a random sample of 10 well-developed, whole grains, dried to 13% moisture content, and weigh on a precision balance Record the actual grain yield grain harvested on a plot. AYLD_CONT method AYLD_CONT method sterile lemma color examination wild sterile lemma color examination wild Examine the colour of the sterile lemmas of five representive spikelets against a colour chart or colour-accurate photographs of references. Grow plants in a greenhouse. Inoculate seedlings. Score RTungroSev_Est_0to9 after 4 weeks, and calculate Disease Index DI= (20xN3 + 40xN5 + 70xN7 + 100xN9)/NT, where N3-N9 are the number of plants with score 3-9 and NT is total number of plants scored rice tungro disease estimation - greenhouse rice tungro disease estimation - greenhouse At maximum tillering, observe the proportion of tillers that have stems with deadheart. Use an augmented experimental design with a susceptible check replicated at intervals across the whole trial. Dissect stems from 10 hills of susceptible checks at maximum tillering, panicle initiation and late ripening, in order to identify the SB species. The test is considered a valid test for resistance if the susceptible check has more than 20% of tillers with deadheart stem borer deadheart damage assessment stem borer deadheart damage assessment kernel smut incidence scale kernel smut incidence scale 0= No disease observed 9= 51-100% 1= Less than 1% 2= 3= 1-5% 4= 5= 6-25% 6= 7= 26-50% 8= kneeing ability presence scale kneeing ability presence scale 0= Absent 1= Present leaf blade anthocyanin distribution scale leaf blade anthocyanin distribution scale 1= 086= On tips only 2= 085= On margins only 3= 089= In blotches 4= 080= Even (uniform purple) leaf blade greenness scale leaf blade greenness scale 0= 000= Not visible under anthocyanin 3= 061= Light green 3= 060= Medium Green 7= 063= Dark green leaf blade pubescence scale wild leaf blade pubescence scale wild 1= Glabrous 2= Hairy on upper surface 3= Hairy on lower surface 4= Hairy on both sides % leaf area affected % leaf area affected leaf blast damage type scale leaf blast damage type scale 0= No lesions observed 9= Rapidly coalescing small, whitish, grayish, or bluish lesions without distinct margins 1= Small brown specks of pin-point size or larger brown specks without sporulating center 2= 3= Small roundish to slightly elongated necrotic sporulating spots, about 1-2 mm in diameter with a distinct brown margin or yellow halo 4= 5= Narrow or slightly elliptical lesions, 1-2 mm in breadth, more than 3 mm long with a brown margin 6= 7= Broad spindle-shaped lesion with yellow, brown, or purple margin 8= leaf margin pubescence scale leaf margin pubescence scale 1= Glabrous (no hairs) 2= Hairy or ciliated leaffolder single leaf injury scale leaffolder single leaf injury scale 0= No injury 1= Up to 1/3 of leaf area scraped 2= 1/3 to 1/2 of leaf area scraped 3= More than 1/2 of leaf area scraped mature lemma and palea ornamentation scale UPOV mature lemma and palea ornamentation scale UPOV 1= absent 2= gold furrows 3= brown furrows 4= purple spots 5= purple furrows lemma phenol reaction scale lemma phenol reaction scale 1= Absent 3= Light 5= Medium 7= Dark ligule color scale wild ligule color scale wild 0= 000= Absent (liguleless) 1= 011= Whitish 2= 062= Yellowish green 3= 084= Green with purple lines 4= 081= Light purple 5= 080= Purple Code Code 0= Absent 1= White 2= Purple lines 3= Purple ligule margin shape scale ligule margin shape scale 1= Entire 2= Scalloped or toothed 99= Other ligule shape scale UPOV ligule shape scale UPOV 1= acute 2= cleft ligule shape scale wild ligule shape scale wild 0= Absent 1= Fringe of hairs 2= Truncate 3= Obtuse or rounded 4= Emarginate 5= Acute 6= Acuminate 7= 2-cleft Lodging incidence scale Lodging incidence scale 1= Very weak= all plants flat 3= Weak= most plants nearly flat 5= Intermediate= most plants leaning about 45 degrees 7= Strong= most plants leaning about 20 degrees from vertical 9= Very strong= all plants vertical outcrossing scale outcrossing scale 1= above 30% seed set 3= 20-29.9% seed set 5= 10-19.9% seed set 7= 5-9.9% seed set 9= 0-4.9% seed set Panicle axis texture scale Panicle axis texture scale 1= Scabrous 2= Smooth Branches per panicle Branches per panicle panicle blast damage scale panicle blast damage scale 0= No visible lesion observed or lesions on only a few pedicels 9= Lesion completely around panicle baseor uppermost internode or the panicle axis near the base with less than 30% of filled grains. 1= Lesions on several pedicels or secondary branches 2= 3= Lesion on a few primary branches or the middle part of panicle axis 4= 5= Lesion partially around the base (node) or the uppermost internode or the lower part of panicle axis near the base 6= 7= Lesion completely around panicle base or uppermost internode or panicle axis near base with more than 30% of filled grains 8= panicle blast incidence scale panicle blast incidence scale 0= No disease observed 9= More than 50% infected panicles 1= Less than 5% infected panicles 2= 3= 5-10% infected panicles 4= 5= 11-25% infected panicles 6= 7= 26-50% infected panicles 8= Panicle branch arrangement scale Panicle branch arrangement scale 1= Whorled 2= Alternate panicle exsertion male sterile scale panicle exsertion male sterile scale 1= 0% covered 3= 1-10% covered 5= 11-25% covered 7= 26-40% covered 9= Above 40% covered Panicles per plant Panicles per plant panicle shattering scale panicle shattering scale 1= Very low (<1%) 3= Low (~3%) 5= Moderate (~15%) 7= High (~35%) 9= Very high (>50%) phosphorus deficiency tillering field scale phosphorus deficiency tillering field scale 1= 80-100% 3= 60-79% 5= 40-59% 7= 20-39% 9= 0-19% male sterility scale male sterility scale 1= absent 2= partially male sterile 3= male sterile ragged stunt disease scale ragged stunt disease scale 1= No symptom observed 3= 0-10% height reduction, no ragged/twisted leaf, very few veins slightly swollen usually on leaf collar 5= 0-10% height reduction, 1-2 leaves ragged/twisted, few veins swollen on leaf collar 7= 11-30% height reduction, 3-4leaves ragged/twisted, more vein swelling on leaf collar and some on leafblades and leaf sheaths 9= More than 30% height reduction, most leaves ragged/twisted, vein swellingcommon on leaf sheaths and leaf blades rat damage incidence scale rat damage incidence scale 0= No damage observed 1= Less than 5% 5= 6-25% 9= 26-100% rice delphacid injury scale greenhouse rice delphacid injury scale greenhouse 0= No injury 1= Very slight damage/leaf discoloration 3= Some damage/leaf discoloration 5= Pronounced yellowing of leaves and stunting, fewer than 50% of plants dead 7= Strong yellowing of leaves and pronounced stunting, more than 50% of plants dead 9= All plants dead rice delphacid injury scale field rice delphacid injury scale field 0= No damage 1= Very slight damage/leaf discoloration 3= Some damage/leaf discoloration 5= Pronounced yellowing of leaves and stunting, fewer than 50% of plants dead 7= Strong yellowing of leaves and pronounced stunting, more than 50% of plants dead 9= All plants dead salt injury scale salt injury scale 1= Growth and tillering nearly normal 3= Growth nearly normal but there is some reduction in tillering and some leaves whitish and rolled 5= Growth and tillering reduced, most leaves whitish and rolled, only a few elongating 7= Growth completely ceases, mostleaves dry, some plants dying 9= Almost all plants dead or dying sensed aroma cooked scale sensed aroma cooked scale 0= Non-scented 1= Lightly scented 2= Scented sensed aroma uncooked scale sensed aroma uncooked scale 0= Non-scented 1= Lightly scented 2= Scented ISO Date (yyyy-mm-dd) ISO Date (yyyy-mm-dd) stem borer whitehead damage scale stem borer whitehead damage scale 0= No damage 1= 1-5% 3= 6-10% 5= 11-15% 7= 16-25% 9= 26% and above stem borer deepwater damage scale stem borer deepwater damage scale 0= No damage 1= 1-10% 3= 11-20% 5= 21-30% 7= 31-60% 9= 61% and above longer sterile lemma length scale longer sterile lemma length scale 3= Short 5= Medium 7= Long 9= Extra long submergence relative survival scale submergence relative survival scale 1= 100% of performance of tolerant check 3= 95-99% 5= 75-94% 7= 50-74% 9= 0-49% whitebacked planthopper injury scale field whitebacked planthopper injury scale field 0= No injury 1= Very slight injury 3= First and 2nd leaves with orange tips, slight stunting 5= More than half the leaves with yellow-orange tips, pronounced stunting 7= More than half of plants dead, remaining plants severely stunted and wilted 9= All plants dead yellow dwarf disease scale yellow dwarf disease scale 1= None to few leaves slightly yellow, tillering, height and flowering not affected 3= Leaves slightly yellow, plants slightly stunted, flowering slightly delayed 5= Leaves yellow, plants moderately stunted, flowering delayed 7= Leaves yellow or orange yellow, plants moderately stunted, floweringvery much delayed 9= Leaves orange yellow or orange, plants severely stunted, sometimes dead, flowering very much delayed ligule shape scale cult SES ligule shape scale cult SES 0 = Absent 1 = Acute to acuminate 2 = Cleft 3 = Truncate stem borer deadheart damage scale stem borer deadheart damage scale 0= No injury 1= 1-10% 3= 11-20% 5= 21-30% 7= 31-60% 9= 61% and above No of chromosomes No of chromosomes AP_Lab_1to9 AP_Lab_1to9 AP AlkInj_Est_1to9 AlkInj_Est_1to9 ALK AmyCt_Meas_Pct AmyCt_Meas_Pct AMY AnCo_Est_1to2 ANCO AnCo_Est_1to2 AL AnLt_Av_mm AnLt_Av_mm BApAnth_ImmatEst_0to7 BApAnth_ImmatEst_0to7 BApAnth_MatEst_0to7 BApAnth_MatEst_0to7 ApAnth_ImmatEst_0to9 ApAnth_ImmatEst_0to9 ApAnth_MatEst_0to9 ApAnth_MatEst_0to9 ApCol_ImmatEst_UPOV1to6 APC ApCol_ImmatEst_UPOV1to6 ApCol_ImmatEst_IRRI1to9 APC ApCol_ImmatEst_IRRI1to9 ApCol_MatEst_IRRI1to9 APC ApCol_MatEst_IRRI1to9 APC ApCol_MatEst_SES1to7 ApCol_MatEst_SES1to7 APSH ApSh_Est_1to2 ApSh_Est_1to2 AurShp_Est_1to9 AurShp_Est_1to9 AurCol_Est_1to5 AC AurCol_Est_1to5 AwCol_ImmatEst_IRRI0to8 AwCol_ImmatEst_IRRI0to8 AWCO ANC AwCol_ImmatEst_SES0to6 AWCO AwCol_ImmatEst_SES0to6 ANC AWCO AwCol_ImmatEst_UPOV1to9 AwCol_ImmatEst_UPOV1to9 ANC AWCO AwCol_MatEst_UPOV1to9 AwCol_MatEst_UPOV1to9 ANC AWCO AwCol_MatEst_IRRI0to6 AwCol_MatEst_IRRI0to6 ANC AWDIST AwDist_Est_1to5 AwDist_Est_1to5 ANL AwLng_Av_mm AwLng_Av_mm AwLng_CultMax_0to9 AwLng_CultMax_0to9 ANL AwLng_WildAv_0to9 AwLng_WildAv_0to9 ANL AwPres_Est_0to9 AwPres_Est_0to9 ANP AwPres_WildEst_0to2 AwPres_WildEst_0to2 ANP ANT AwThk_Av_mm AwThk_Av_mm AwType_Est_0to9 AwType_Est_0to9 AN BBDam_EstGH_1to9 BB BBDam_EstGH_1to9 BBDam_EstFld1_1to9 BBDam_EstFld1_1to9 BB BBDam_EstFld2_1to9 BBDam_EstFld2_1to9 BB BBDam_EstFld_1to9 BBDam_EstFld_1to9 BB BLS BLS_Est_0to9 BLS_Est_0to9 BakInc_Est_1to9 BakInc BakInc_Est_1to9 BLSAnth_Est_1to9 BLSCO_ANTH BLSAnth_Est_1to9 BLSAnth_Est_1to7 BLSAnth_Est_1to7 BLSCO_ANTH BLSCol_Est_1to4 BLSCol_Est_1to4 BLSC_CO_1_4 BirdDam_Est_1to9 BIRD_DAMAGE BirdDam_Est_1to9 BPH BPHDam_GH_0to9 BPHDam_GH_0to9 BPH BPHDam_Fld_0to9 BPHDam_Fld_0to9 BPHDam_GH1_0to9 BPH BPHDam_GH1_0to9 BPH BPHDam_GH2_0to9 BPHDam_GH2_0to9 BPHDam_GH3_0to9 BPHDam_GH3_0to9 BPH BRiceProtCt_Meas_Pct BRiceProtCt_Meas_Pct PRT BS_Est_0to9 BS_Est_0to9 BS CaryoLng_Av_mm CaryoLng_Av_mm CaryoLng_MeasSES_1to7 CaryoLng_MeasSES_1to7 CaryoLng_Av_1to7 CaryoLng_Av_1to7 CaryoShp_Est_1to5 CaryoShp_Est_1to5 CaryoShp_Comp_1to9 CaryoShp_Comp_1to9 CaryoWdt_Av_mm CaryoWdt_Av_mm CaryoWdt_Av_1to7 CaryoWdt_Av_1to7 CaseWormDam_Est_0to8 CaseWormDam_Est_0to8 CASE_WORM_DAMAGE Clk_Cerv_cerv Clk_Cerv_cerv Clk_Vis_0to9 Clk_Vis_0to9 ChrNo_Count_Chr ChrNo_Count_Chr ColdSens_SeedlEst_0to9 ColdSens_SeedlEst_0to9 CTOL ColdSens_FlwEst_0to9 ColdSens_FlwEst_0to9 CTOL ColdSens_VegEst_0to9 ColdSens_VegEst_0to9 CTOL ColeoAnth_Est_1to5 ColeoAnth_Est_1to5 CollAnth_Est_1to9 CollAnth_Est_1to9 CollCol_Est_RD0to4 CC CollCol_Est_RD0to4 CC CollCol_Est_SES0to3 CollCol_Est_SES0to3 CulmAng_Est_UPOV1to9 CMA_CO_1_9 CulmAng_Est_UPOV1to9 CMA_CO_1_9 CulmAng_Est_SES1to9 CulmAng_Est_SES1to9 CMD CulmDiam_Av_1to7 CulmDiam_Av_1to7 CMD CulmDiam_CultAvDepr_1or2 CulmDiam_CultAvDepr_1or2 CMD CulmDiam_CultAv_1or2 CulmDiam_CultAv_1or2 CMD CulmDiam_WildAv_1or2 CulmDiam_WildAv_1or2 CulmDiam_CultAv_mm CulmDiam_CultAv_mm CMD CulmDiam_WildAv_mm CMD CulmDiam_WildAv_mm CulmINodAnth_Est_1to9 CulmINodAnth_Est_1to9 CulmINodAnth_Est_0to2 CulmINodAnth_Est_0to2 CMIC CulmINodCol_Est_1to4 CulmINodCol_Est_1to4 INCO CulmINodUnderCol_Est_0to2 CulmINodUnderCol_Est_0to2 CulmLng_Av_1to7 CulmLng_Av_1to7 CML CML CulmLng_Av_cm CulmLng_Av_cm CulmNodAnth_PresEst_1to9 CulmNodAnth_PresEst_1to9 CulmNodAnth_IntensEst_1to9 CulmNodAnth_IntensEst_1to9 CulmNodAnth_DistrEst_0to3 CulmNodAnth_DistrEst_0to3 NOCO CulmNodUndCol_Est_0to2 CulmNodUndCol_Est_0to2 CulmNo_Av_Culm CMN CulmNo_Av_Culm CUST CS CulmStr_EstRD_1to9 CulmStr_EstRD_1to9 CulmStr_EstSES_1to9 CS CUST CulmStr_EstSES_1to9 HeadT_80Comp_d HeadT_80Comp_d FLW HDG HeadT_50Est_1to7 FLW HeadT_50Est_1to7 HDG DhtInj_EstDry_0to9 DhtInj_EstDry_0to9 DRS_DRY_0_9 DhtInj_EstRoll_0to9 DhtInj_EstRoll_0to9 DRS_DRY_0_9 DhtInj_EstSpkFert_0to9 DRS_DRY_0_9 DhtInj_EstSpkFert_0to9 DRT7_DRY_0_9 DhtRecov_Est_0to9 DhtRecov_Est_0to9 EndoType_Est_1to3 EndoType_Est_1to3 ENDO FSmut_Est_0to9 FALSE_SMUT FSmut_Est_0to9 FertRest_Comp_1to9 FertRest_Comp_1to9 FREST FlgLfAng_EarlAv_1to7 FlgLfAng_EarlAv_1to7 FLA FlgLfAng_WildAv_1to7 FLA FlgLfAng_WildAv_1to7 FLA FlgLfAng_LateAv_1to7 FlgLfAng_LateAv_1to7 FlgLfLng_Av_cm FLL_MM_cm FlgLfLng_Av_cm FGLL FGLW FlgLfWdt_Av_cm FlgLfWdt_Av_cm FLW_MM_cm FlwDate_1stFlw_Date FLW_DATE FlwDate_1stFlw_Date FlwDate_80Flw_Date FlwDate_80Flw_Date FLW_DATE GallMidgeDam_EstGH_0to9 GALL_MIDGE_DAMAGE GallMidgeDam_EstGH_0to9 GallMidgeDam_EstFld_0to9 GallMidgeDam_EstFld_0to9 GALL_MIDGE_DAMAGE GelC_Meas_1to5 GELC GelC_Meas_1to5 GELC GelC_Meas_mm GelC_Meas_mm GelTemp GelTemp_Alkd_1to7 GelTemp_Alkd_1to7 GelTemp_PkTemp_Deg GelTemp GelTemp_PkTemp_Deg GlOp_Av_deg GLO GlOp_Av_deg GLO GlOp_Av_1to9 GlOp_Av_1to9 GrDiscol_Est_0to9 GrDiscol_Est_0to9 GRAIN_DISCOLORATION GrElong_Comp_ratio GrElong_Comp_ratio GRL GrLng_Av_mm GrLng_Av_mm GRL GrLng_Meas_1to7 GrLng_Meas_1to7 GrLng_Av_1to7 GRL GrLng_Av_1to7 GrThk_Av_mm GrThk_Av_mm GRAIN_THICKNESS GRWT GrnWt_100Wgh_g GrnWt_100Wgh_g GRNWT GRWT GrnWt_1000Wgh_1to7 GrnWt_1000Wgh_1to7 GRNWT GrnWt_10Wgh_g GRWT GRNWT GrnWt_10Wgh_g GrWdt_Av_mm GRW GrWdt_Av_mm GrWdt_Meas_1to7 GRW GrWdt_Meas_1to7 GrYld_Comp_kgha GrYld_Comp_kgha GrYld_Comp_kgha GrYld_wgh_gplot GrYld_wgh_gplot GrYld_wgh_gplot RGSV1Sev_Est_1to9 RGSV1 RGSV1Sev_Est_1to9 RGSV1Sev_Index_Pct RGSV1Sev_Index_Pct RGSV1 RGSV2Sev_Index_Pct RGSV2Sev_Index_Pct RGSV2 RGSV2Sev_Est_1to9 RGSV2 RGSV2Sev_Est_1to9 GLH GLhDam_EstGH_0to9 GLhDam_EstGH_0to9 GLhDam_EstFld_0to9 GLhDam_EstFld_0to9 GLH In a greenhouse test, adjust the unadjusted injury ratings R for test entries by dividing by R for the susceptible check and multiplying by 100% leaffolder adjusted injury rating leaffolder adjusted injury rating grassy stunt 1 disease index grassy stunt 1 disease index Grow plants in a greenhouse. Inoculate seedlings. Score RGSV1Sev_Est_1to9 after 5 weeks, and calculate Disease Index DI= (20xN3 + 40xN5 + 70xN7 + 100xN9)/NT, where N3-N9 are the number of plants with score 3-9 and NT is total number of plants scored grassy stunt 2 disease index Grow plants in a greenhouse. Inoculate seedlings. Score RGSV2Sev_Est_1to9 after 5 weeks, and calculate Disease Index DI= (20xN3 + 40xN5 + 70xN7 + 100xN9)/NT, where N3-N9 are the number of plants with score 3-9 and NT is total number of plants scored grassy stunt 2 disease index grassy stunt 2 disease estimation Estimate the stunting, tillering, spots and discoloration grassy stunt 2 disease estimation observe the damage on the seedlings caused by green leafhopper. For a field test, use an augmented experimental design with a susceptible check replicated at intervals across the whole trial. The test is considered a valid test for resistance if the hopper population is uniformly distributed at a high level across the screening box, as indicated by hopper counts on the susceptible check. A minimum of the following hopper density on susceptible check is necessary: a. 10 hoppers/hill at 10-15 days after transplanting, b. 25 hoppers / hiII at maximum tillering, c. 100 hoppers/hill at early booting stage green leafhopper injury assessment field green leafhopper injury assessment field Estimate the proportion of plants with panicles showing symptoms hoja blanca reproductive disease estimation hoja blanca reproductive disease estimation iron injury assessment iron injury assessment Observe growth in soil with toxic concentrations of iron Keel anthocyanin immature examination Keel anthocyanin immature examination Examine the colour of the keel of immature lemmas and evaluate the intensity of any purple colour attributable to anthocyanin Keel anthocyanin mature examination Keel anthocyanin mature examination Examine the colour of the keel of mature lemmas and evaluate the intensity of any purple colour attributable to anthocyanin Estimate the proportion of spikelets that are infected kernel smut incidence estimation kernel smut incidence estimation estimate presence/absence of knees after flowering in conditions where culms have fallen flat due to receding water flow. kneeing ability presence kneeing ability presence leaf blade anthocyanin distribution Estimate the penultimate leaf blade for distribution of any purplish colour attributable to anthocyanin anywhere on the the leaf lamina/blade. leaf blade anthocyanin distribution leaf blade greenness Visually estimate the penultimate leaf blade for the intensity of greenness. leaf blade greenness leaf blade pubescence estimation wild leaf blade pubescence estimation wild Wild species: assess the hairiness and the location of hairs on the surface of the penultimate leaf blade both visually and by touch, rubbing fingers over the leaf surface from the tip downwards. leaf blast damage amount Estimate the percentage of leaf area affected by leaf blast leaf blast damage amount Assess the type of lesion leaf blast damage type leaf blast damage type leaf margin pubescence Wild species: assess the presence/absence of hairs on the leaf margin leaf margin pubescence leaffolder single leaf injury assessment In a greenhouse test, observe the early injury from leaffolder to each leaf on young plants leaffolder single leaf injury assessment In a greenhouse test where NT leaves have been scored using the single leaf injury score, calculate the injury rating R = (N1 + 2xN2 + 3xN3)x100% / (NTx3), where N1-N3 are the number of leaves with score 1-3 leaffolder unadjusted injury rating leaffolder unadjusted injury rating mature lemma and palea ornamentation Visually determinate the colour ornamentation of (i.e. colours present only on parts of) the lemma and palea at maturity mature lemma and palea ornamentation lemma phenol reaction lemma phenol reaction Place hulls from 10 grains into a petri dish of 5 cm diameter, add 5 ml of 1.5% phenol solution, cover the petri dish, and keep at room temperature for 1 day. Observe the intensity of the reaction of the phnol on the lemmas Wild species: estimate visually the colour of ligules at anthesis. ligule color estimation - wild ligule color estimation - wild Visually estimate the colour of ligules at late vegetative stage before flowering ligule color estimation ligule color estimation ligule margin shape determination Visually compare the shape of ligules with a diagram or photographs representing the standard shape classes for wild rice ligule margin shape determination ligule shape determination Visually compare the shape of ligules with a diagram or photographs representing the standard shape classes for cultivated rice ligule shape determination ligule shape determination - wild ligule shape determination - wild Visually compare the shape of ligules with a diagram or photographs representing the standard shape classes for wild rice Lodging incidence estimation Lodging incidence estimation Observe the proportion of plants that are lodged at harvest outcrossing calculation outcrossing calculation Grow the male sterile line in the field, ensuring an abundant supply of pollen from other plants while it is flowering. Calculate the proportion of seed set on the out-pollinated primary panicles Wild species: assess the texture of the main panicle axis by rubbing fingers from the base towards the tip and assess the smoothness Panicle axis texture assessment Panicle axis texture assessment Average panicle basal branch number Count the number of primary panicle branches attached to the basal whorl of representative panicles, and calculate the average Average panicle basal branch number Observe the damage to panicles panicle blast damage estimation panicle blast damage estimation panicle blast severity panicle blast severity Scoring X panicles using the panicle blast damage score, compute panicle blast severity PBS= (10xN1 + 20xN3 + 40xN5 + 70xN7 + 100xN9)/X, where N1-N9 are the number of panicles with score 1-9 Count only the number of panicles with lesions covering completely around the node, neck or lower part of the panicle axis (symptom type 7-9), and estimate their percentage panicle blast incidence panicle blast incidence Observe whether primary branches on the panicle axis are grouped into whorls or are borne individually on alternate sides Panicle branch arrangement assessment Panicle branch arrangement assessment Average panicle distance to basal branch Average panicle distance to basal branch Measure the distance from the base of the panicle to the point of insertion of the lowest branch on five representative panicles and calculate their average panicle exsertion male sterile estimation Observe the percentage of the panicle that is inside the flag leaf sheath panicle exsertion male sterile estimation number of panicles per plant count number of panicles per plant count Count the average number of panicles per plant. panicle shattering estimation panicle shattering estimation Observe the extent to which grains have shattered from the panicle before being threshed phosphorus deficiency tillering field In a field test, grow each line under two conditions: without P fertilizer (low P) and with 25kg P/ha fertilizer (standard P). Estimate the number of tillers that develop in low P out of the number that develop in standard P phosphorus deficiency tillering field Measure the height from the soil surface to hightest point of represenrtative plants and calculate the average plant height average plant height average male sterility estimation Examine pollen grains under a microscrope and estimate the proportion that are sterile male sterility estimation ragged stunt disease index ragged stunt disease index Score RaggedStuntSev_Est_0to9 5 weeks after inoculation in the greenhouse, and calculate Disease Index DI= (20xN3 + 40xN5 + 70xN7 + 100xN9)/NT, where N3-N9 are the number of plants with score 3-9 and NT is total number of plants scored . ragged stunt disease estimation Estimate the type and severity of symptoms ragged stunt disease estimation rat damage incidence estimation rat damage incidence estimation Estimate the proportion of plants that are damaged by rats rice delphacid injury assessment greenhouse rice delphacid injury assessment greenhouse Sow plants in a greenhouse with a uniform high population of green leafhopper, and observe the damage on seedlings Observe the damages on plants caused by rice delphacid. For a field test, use an augmented experimental design with a susceptible check replicated at intervals across the whole trial. The test is considered a valid test for resistance if the hopper population is uniformly distributed at a high level across the screening box, as indicated by hopper counts on the susceptible check. A minimum of the following hopper density on susceptible check is necessary: a. 10 hoppers/hill at 10-15 days after transplanting, b. 25 hoppers / hiII at maximum tillering, c. 100 hoppers/hill at early booting stage rice delphacid injury assessment field rice delphacid injury assessment field salt injury assessment salt injury assessment Observe growth in saline soil in relation to standard resistant and susceptible checks. Since some soil problems are very heterogenous in the field, several replications may be needed to obtain reliable scores. sensed aroma cooked sensed aroma cooked Cook freshly harvested grains and smell the aroma Vapourise the main component of aroma in rice (2AP: 2-acetyl-1pyrroline)) by adding 10 ml of a 1.7% solution of KOH to 2 g of freshly harvested decorticated grains. Smell the aroma after ten minutes sensed aroma uncooked sensed aroma uncooked seed germination 1 Estimate the proportion of germinated seeds seed germination 1 Seeding date observation Record the date of effective seeding Seeding date observation stem borer whitehead damage assessment stem borer whitehead damage assessment Near grain maturity, observe the proportion of panicles that have whiteheads. Use an augmented experimental design with a susceptible check replicated at intervals across the whole trial. Dissect stems from 10 hills of susceptible checks at maximum tillering, panicle initiation and late ripening, in order to identify the SB species. The test is considered a valid test for resistance if the susceptible check has more than 10% of panicles with whiteheads For deepwater rice, make dissections of 20 or more tillers per plot or row after heading, count the numbers of infested tillers and estimate the proportion of infested tillers stem borer deepwater damage assessment stem borer deepwater damage assessment average sterile lemma length - longer If the two sterile lemmas on each spikelet have different lengths, measure the average length of the longer sterile lemma of five spikelets average sterile lemma length - longer submergence relative survival assessment Greenhouse screening: divide the % of plants that survive submergence by the survival of the tolerant control variety e.g. FR13A, and express as a percentage submergence relative survival assessment whitebacked planthopper injury assessment field Observe the damages on plants caused by whitebacked planthopper. For a field test, use an augmented experimental design with a susceptible check replicated at intervals across the whole trial. The test is considered a valid test for resistance if the hopper population is uniformly distributed at a high level across the screening box, as indicated by hopper counts on the susceptible check. A minimum of the following hopper density on susceptible check is necessary: a. 10 hoppers/hill at 10-15 days after transplanting, b. 25 hoppers / hiII at maximum tillering, c. 100 hoppers/hill at early booting stage whitebacked planthopper injury assessment field yellow dwarf disease assessment Estimate the type and severity of symptoms on secondary growth after cutting at the base yellow dwarf disease assessment NBLSDam_Est_0to9 NBLS NBLSDam_Est_0to9 OutXExt_Comp_1to9 OutXExt_Comp_1to9 PANICLE_AXIS PanAxAtt_Est_UPOV1to2 PanAxAtt_Est_UPOV1to2 PanAxAtt_Est_SES1to4 PANICLE_AXIS PanAxAtt_Est_SES1to4 PanAxText_Est_1or2 PanAxText_Est_1or2 PA_TEXT PanBrNo_Av_BrPan PanBrNo_Av_BrPan PBPan_MM_BrPan pbasbrno PBDam_Est_0to9 PB PBDam_Est_0to9 PBSev_Comp_Pct PBSev_Comp_Pct PB PBInc_Est_0to9 PBInc_Est_0to9 PB pbra PanBrArr_Est_1or2 PanBrArr_Est_1or2 PanBasBrDist_Av_mm PanBasBrDist_Av_mm dist_post PEX EXS PanExs_Est_1to9 PanExs_Est_1to9 PanExs_EstMStrl_1to9 PanExs_EstMStrl_1to9 EXS PEX PanLng_ImmatAv_cm PanLng_ImmatAv_cm PNL PanLng_MatAv_UPOV1to3 PanLng_MatAv_UPOV1to3 PNL PanLng_MatAv_RD1to9 PanLng_MatAv_RD1to9 PNL PanLng_MatAv_cm PanL_MM_cm PanLng_MatAv_cm PNL PanNo_Est_1to5 NUMBER_OF_PANICLES PanNo_Est_1to5 PNO PanNo_Count_PanPlnt PanNo_Count_PanPlnt NUMBER_OF_PANICLES PNO THR_SCOR_1_3 PanSh_Est_1to9 PanSh_Est_1to9 PSH THR_SCOR_1_3 PTH PanThr_Est_1to3 PanThr_Est_1to3 PTH PanThr_Est_1to9 THR_SCOR_1_3 PanThr_Est_1to9 PnT PanTyp_Est_UPOV1to9 PanTyp_Est_UPOV1to9 PanTyp_Est_SES1to3 PanTyp_Est_SES1to3 PnT PericCol_Exam_1to7IRRI SCCO PericCol_Exam_1to7IRRI PericCol_Exam_1to7UPOV PericCol_Exam_1to7UPOV SCCO PhenAcc_Est_1to9 PHENOTYPIC_ACCEPTABILITY PhenAcc_Est_1to9 PDef_GHEst_1to9 PDef_GHEst_1to9 P1 PDef_FldEst_1to9 PDef_FldEst_1to9 P1 PlntHt_Meas_1to9 HT PlntHt_Meas_1to9 PltH_15DAF_cm_MM HT PltH_MAT_cm_MM PlntHt_Av_cm PlntHt_Av_cm PltH_FLW_cm_MM MSTERILE POLLEN_STERILITY MaleSter_Comp_1to9 MaleSter_Comp_1to9 MSTERILE POLLEN_STERILITY MaleSter_UPOVEst_1to3 MaleSter_UPOVEst_1to3 RaggedStuntSev_Index_Pct RaggedStuntSev_Index_Pct RAGGED_STUNT RaggedStuntSev_Est_0to9 RaggedStuntSev_Est_0to9 RAGGED_STUNT RatDam_Est_1to9 RatDam_Est_1to9 RAT_DAMAGE RHIZOME_FORMATION RhyzForm_Est_1to6 RhyzForm_Est_1to6 RBugDam_Est_0to9 RICE_BUG_DAMAGE RBugDam_Est_0to9 RDelphDam_EstFld_0to9 RICE_DELPHACID RDelphDam_EstFld_0to9 RDelphDam_EstGH_0to9 RDelphDam_EstGH_0to9 RICE_DELPHACID RTungroSev_Est_0to9 RTD1 RTungroSev_Est_0to9 RTD1 RTungroSev_GHComp_Pct RTungroSev_GHComp_Pct RWhorlMaggDam_Est_0to9 RICE_WHORL_MAGGOT RWhorlMaggDam_Est_0to9 SaltInj_Est_1to9 SaltInj_Est_1to9 SAL Sct_SmellCook_0to2 Sct_SmellCook_0to2 SCT SCT Sct_SmellUncook_0to2 Sct_SmellUncook_0to2 SECONDARY_BRANCHING_OF_PANICLES Pan2ndBr_Est_0to3 Pan2ndBr_Est_0to3 SdGerm_Est_Pct SdGerm_Est_Pct SG DATE_SEED SdDate_Meas_Date SdDate_Meas_Date SEEDLING_HEIGHT SeedlHt_Av_cm SeedlHt_Av_cm SeedlHt_Av_1to7 SEEDLING_HEIGHT SeedlHt_Av_1to7 ShBltInc_Est_0to9 ShBltInc_Est_0to9 SHB ShRotInc_Est_0to9 ShRotInc_Est_0to9 SHEATH_ROT SpkFer_Est_1to5 SPIKELET_FERTILITY SpFert SPKF SpkFer_Est_1to5 SPIKELET_FERTILITY SpkFer_EstSES_1to9 SpkFer_EstSES_1to9 SpFert SPKF SPIKELET_FERTILITY SpkFer_Est_1to9 SpkFer_Est_1to9 SPKF SpFert SPIKELET_STERILITY SpkSter_Comp_1to9 SpkSter_Comp_1to9 STEM_BORER_DAMAGE StemBorer_YellowEst_0to9 StemBorer_YellowEst_0to9 StemBorer_DeadheartEst_0to9 STEM_BORER_DAMAGE StemBorer_DeadheartEst_0to9 StemBorer_WhiteHeadEst_0to9 StemBorer_WhiteHeadEst_0to9 STEM_BORER_DAMAGE STEM_BORER_DAMAGE StemBorer_DeepWatEst_0to9 StemBorer_DeepWatEst_0to9 StmElong_Esr_1to9 ELONGATION StmElong_Esr_1to9 StmRotInc_Est_0to9 StmRotInc_Est_0to9 STEM_ROT StrLmCol_Est_1to4 STERILE_LEMMA_COLOR StrLmCol_Est_1to4 StrLmCol_Est_1to9 StrLmCol_Est_1to9 STERILE_LEMMA_COLOR StrLmLng_AvShort_1to9 STERILE_LEMMA_LENGTH StrLmLng_AvShort_1to9 StrLmLng_AvLong_1to9 StrLmLng_AvLong_1to9 STERILE_LEMMA_LENGTH STERILE_LEMMA_LENGTH StrLmLng_AvShort_mm StrLmLng_AvShort_mm LemaShp_Est_0to3 SLSH LemaShp_Est_0to3 STIGMA_COLOR StgmCol_Est_1to5 StgmCol_Est_1to5 StgExers_Comp_1to9 StgExers_Comp_1to9 STIGMA_EXSERTION SUB SubTol_GHEst_1to9 SubTol_GHEst_1to9 SubTol_FldEst_1to9 SubTol_FldEst_1to9 SUB ThripDam_Est_0to9 THRIPS ThripDam_Est_0to9 TI TillNo_Comp_1to9 TillNo_Comp_1to9 UDInc_Est_0to9 UDInc_Est_0to9 UDBATTA_DISEASE UfraDam_Est_0to9 UfraDam_Est_0to9 UFRA PlntVg_SdEst_1to9 PlntVg_SdEst_1to9 VG PlntVg_VegEst_1to9 PlntVg_VegEst_1to9 VG WBPH_EstGH_0to9 WBPH_EstGH_0to9 WBPH WBPH WBPH_EstFld_0to9 WBPH_EstFld_0to9 YellowDwarfSev_Est_0to9 YellowDwarfSev_Est_0to9 YELLOW_DWARF YellowMottleSev_Est_0to9 YELLOW_MOTTLE YellowMottleSev_Est_0to9 ZnDefInj_Est_1to9 ZDEF ZnDefInj_Est_1to9 Colour of anther AnCo anther colour anther colour anthocyanin below apiculus anthocyanin below apiculus Intensity of purple colour attributable to anthocyanin on the area just below the apiculus of the lemma BApAnth apiculus anthocyanin Intensity of purple colour attributable to anthocyanin on the apiculus of the lemma ApAnth apiculus anthocyanin awn length scale wild awn length scale wild 0= None awnless 1= Very short <5 mm 3= Short ~8 mm 5= Intermediate ~15 mm 7= Long ~30 mm 9= Very long >40 mm panicle length UPOV scale panicle length UPOV scale 1= short 2= medium 3= long leaf blade pubescence scale UPOV leaf blade pubescence scale UPOV 1= Absent or very weak 3= weak 5= medium 7= strong culm angle SES scale culm angle SES scale 1= Erect <30? 3= Intermediate ?45? 5= Open ?60? 7= Spreading >60? 9= Procumbent (culm or its lower part rests on ground surface) culm internode anthocyanin presence scale culm internode anthocyanin presence scale 1= Absent 9= Present awn color scale immature SES awn color scale immature SES 0= 000= Absent (awnless) 1= 020 Straw 2= 040 Gold 3= 052 Brown (tawny) 4= 070 Red 5= 080 Purple 6= 100 Black awn color scale anthesis UPOV awn color scale anthesis UPOV 1= light gold 2= gold 3= brown 4= reddish brown 5= light red 6= red 7= light purple 8= purple 9= black lemma and palea pubescence scale UPOV lemma and palea pubescence scale UPOV 1= absent or very weak 3= weak 5= medium 7= strong 9= very strong sterile lemma color scale wild sterile lemma color scale wild 1= 011= Whitish 2= 020= Straw 3= 040= Gold 4= 060= Green 5= 061= Light green 6= 062= Yellowish green 7= 070= Red 8= 080= Purple 9= 082= Reddish purple rice tungro disease scale rice tungro disease scale 1= No symptom observed 3= 1-10% height reduction, no distinct yellow to yellow orange leaf discoloration 5= 11-30% height reduction, no distinct yellow to yellow orange leaf discoloration 7= 31-50% height reduction, with distinct yellow to yellow orange leaf discoloration 9= More than 50% height reduction, with distinct yellow to yellow orange discoloration panicle type scale UPOV panicle type scale UPOV 1= Erect (compact) 3= Semi-erect (semi-compact) 5= Spreading (open) 7= Horizontal 9= Drooping panicle axis scale UPOV panicle axis scale UPOV 1= Upright 2= Semi-upright 3= Slightly Drooping 4= Strongly drooping immature apiculus color IRRI scale immature apiculus color IRRI scale 1= 010= White 2= 020= Straw 3= 052= Brown (tawny) 4= 060= Green 5= 070= Red 6= 071= Red apex 7= 080= Purple 8= 087= Purple apex 9= 100= Black pericarp colour IRRI scale pericarp colour IRRI scale 1= 010= White 2= 050= Brown 3= 051= Light brown 4= 055= Speckled brown 5= 070= Red 6= 080= Purple 7= 088= Variable purple maturity scale UPOV maturity scale UPOV 1= very early 3= early 5= intermediate 7= late 9= very late alkali injury scale alkali injury scale 1= Growth and tillering nearly normal 3= Growth nearly normal but there is some reduction in tillering and some leaves discolored 5= Growth and tillering reduced, most leaves discolored, only a few elongating 7= Growth completely ceases, mostleaves dry, some plants dying 9= Almost all plants dead or dying anther colour scale anther colour scale 1= 030= Yellow 2= 050= Brown anthocyanin below apiculus scale immature anthocyanin below apiculus scale immature 0= Absent 1= Very weak 3= Weak 5= Medium 7= Strong anthocyanin below apiculus scale mature anthocyanin below apiculus scale mature 0= Absent 1= Very weak 3= Weak 5= Medium 7= Strong 9= very strong immature apiculus anthocyanin scale immature apiculus anthocyanin scale 0= Absent 1= Very weak 3= Weak 5= Medium 7= Strong 9= very strong mature apiculus anthocyanin scale mature apiculus anthocyanin scale 0= Absent 1= Very weak 3= Weak 5= Medium 7= Strong 9= very strong apiculus color scale mature apiculus color scale mature 1= 010= White 2= 020= Straw 3= 052= Brown (tawny) 4= 060= Green 5= 070= Red 6= 071= Red apex 7= 080= Purple 8= 087= Purple apex 9= 100= Black apiculus color SES scale apiculus color SES scale 1= White 2= Straw 3= Brown (tawny) 4= Red 5= Red apex 6= Purple 7= Purple apex apiculus shape scale apiculus shape scale 1= Pointed 2= Curved auricle anthocyanin presence scale auricle anthocyanin presence scale 1= Absent 9= Present awn color scale mature UPOV awn color scale mature UPOV 1= straw 2= gold 3= brown 4= reddish brown 5= light red 6= red 7= light purple 8= purple 9= black awn color scale mature IRRI awn color scale mature IRRI 0= 000= Absent (awnless) 1= 020 Straw 2= 040 Gold 3= 052 Brown (tawny) 4= 070 Red 5= 080 Purple 6= 100 Black Awn distribution scale Awn distribution scale 0= Absent 1= Tip only 2= Upper quarter only 3= Upper half only 4= Upper three quarters only 5= Whole length awn presence scale wild awn presence scale wild 0= Absent 1= Partly awned 2= Fully awned bacterial blight race 1 damage scale field bacterial blight race 1 damage scale field 1= 1-5% 3= 6-12% 5= 13-25% 7= 26-50% 9= 51-100% bacterial blight race 2 damage scale field bacterial blight race 2 damage scale field 1= 1-5% 3= 6-12% 5= 13-25% 7= 26-50% 9= 51-100% bacterial blight damage scale field bacterial blight damage scale field 1= 1-5% 3= 6-12% 5= 13-25% 7= 26-50% 9= 51-100% bacterial leaf streak damage scale bacterial leaf streak damage scale 0= No lesions observed 1= Small brown specks of pinpoint size or large brown specks without sporulating center on the lower leaves 3= Lesion type is the same as in 1, but a significant number of lesions are on the upper leaves 5= Typical blast lesions infecting 4-10% of the leaf area 7= Typical blast lesions infecting 26-50% of the leaf area 9= More than 75% of leaf area affected bakanae disease incidence scale bakanae disease incidence scale 0= No disease observed 9= 26-100% 1= Less than 1% 2= 3= 4= 5= 1-25% 6= 7= 8= basal leaf sheath anthocyanin presence scale basal leaf sheath anthocyanin presence scale 1= Absent 9= Present basal leaf sheath anthocyanin scale basal leaf sheath anthocyanin scale 0= Absent 1= Very weak 3= Weak 5= Medium 7= Strong bird damage incidence scale bird damage incidence scale 0= No damage observed 1= Less than 5% 5= 6-25% 9= 26-100% brown planthopper injury scale field brown planthopper injury scale field 0= No damage 1= slight yellowing of a few plants 3= Leaves partially yellow but with no hopperburn 5= Leaves with pronounced yellowing and some stunting or wilting and 10-25% of plants with hopperburn, remaining plants severely stunted 7= More than half the plants wilting or with hopperburn, remaining plants severely stunted 9= All plants dead brown planthopper biotype 1 injury scale brown planthopper biotype 1 injury scale 0= No damage 1= Very slight damage 3= First and 2nd leaves of most plants partially yellowing 5= Pronounced yellowing and stunting or about 10 to 25% of the plants wilting or dead and remaining plants severely stunted or dying 7= More than half of the plants wilting or dead. 9= All plants dead brown planthopper biotype 2 injury scale brown planthopper biotype 2 injury scale 0= No damage 1= Very slight damage 3= First and 2nd leaves of most plants partially yellowing 5= Pronounced yellowing and stunting or about 10 to 25% of the plants wilting or dead and remaining plants severely stunted or dying 7= More than half of the plants wilting or dead. 9= All plants dead brown planthopper biotype 3 injury scale brown planthopper biotype 3 injury scale 0= No damage 1= Very slight damage 3= First and 2nd leaves of most plants partially yellowing 5= Pronounced yellowing and stunting or about 10 to 25% of the plants wilting or dead and remaining plants severely stunted or dying 7= More than half of the plants wilting or dead. 9= All plants dead Caryopsis length SES scale Caryopsis length SES scale 1= Extra long= more than 7.5 mm 3= Long= 6.6 to 7.5 mm 5= Medium= 5.51 to 6.6 mm 7= Short= 5.5mm or less Caryopsis width scale Caryopsis width scale 3= Narrow 5= Medium 7= Broad glume opening scale glume opening scale 1= above 50 degrees 3= 40-49 degrees 5= 30-39 degrees 7= 20-29 degrees 9= Below 20 degrees mature lemma and palea color scale UPOV mature lemma and palea color scale UPOV 1= straw 2= gold 3= brown 4= reddish to light purple 5= purple 6= black mature lemma and palea color scale IRRI mature lemma and palea color scale IRRI 1= 010= White 10= 091= Purple furrows 11= 100= Black 2= 020= Straw 3= 042= Gold and gold furrows 4= 052= Brown (tawny) 5= 053= Brown spots 6= 054= Brown furrows 7= 080= Purple 8= 082= Reddish to light purple 9= 090= Purple spots mature lemma and palea color scale SES mature lemma and palea color scale SES 1 = Straw 10 = Black 11 = White 2 = Gold and gold furrows on straw background 3 = Brown spots on straw 4 = Brown furrows on straw 5 = Brown (tawny) 6 = Reddish to light purple 7 = Purple spots on straw 8 = Purple furrows on straw 9 = Purple vegetative cold injury scale vegetative cold injury scale 1-3= Tolerant= all leaves normal color 4-6= Moderately tolerant= pale green leaves 7-9= Sensitive= Yellowing of leaves and stunted growth collar anthocyanin presence scale collar anthocyanin presence scale 1= Absent 9= Present culm diameter scale UPOV culm diameter scale UPOV 3= thin 5= medium 7= thick culm diameter scale wild culm diameter scale wild 1= Thin <5 mm 2= Thick >= 5 mm culm internode color scale culm internode color scale 1= Green 2= Light gold 3= Purple lines 4= Purple culm internode underlying colour scale culm internode underlying colour scale 0= 000= Not visible under overlying anthocyanin 1= 041= Light gold 2= 060= Green culm node anthocyanin presence scale culm node anthocyanin presence scale 1= Absent 9= Present culm node anthocyanin intensity scale culm node anthocyanin intensity scale 3= weak 5= medium 7= strong culm node anthocyanin scale culm node anthocyanin scale 0= 000= Absent 1= 080= Purple 2= 081= Light purple 3= 084= Purple lines culm node underlying colour scale culm node underlying colour scale 0= 000= Not visible under overlying anthocyanin 1= 041= Light gold 2= 060= Green number of tillers number of tillers Time of 50% heading scale Time of 50% heading scale 1= very early 3= early 5= medium 7= late drought scale leaf drying drought scale leaf drying 0= No symptoms 1= Slight tip drying 3= Tip drying extended up to 1/4 length in most leaves 5= One-fourth to 1/2 of all leaves dried 7= More than 2/3 of all leaves fully dried 9= All plants apparently dead drought scale spikelet sterility drought scale spikelet sterility 1= More than 80% spikelets fertile 3= 61-80% 5= 41-60% 7= 11-40% 9= Less than 11% Endosperm type scale Endosperm type scale 1= Non-glutinous (non-waxy, stains dark blue purple) 2= Intermediate (stains reddish-blue purple) 3= Glutinous (waxy, stains reddish purple) flag leaf angle scale cult late flag leaf angle scale cult late 1= Erect 3= Semi-erect (intermediate) 5= Horizontal 7= Descending gall midge injury scale greenhouse gall midge injury scale greenhouse 0= No injury 1= Less than 5% 3= 6-10% 5= 11-20% 7= 21-50% 9= More than 50% grain discoloration incidence scale grain discoloration incidence scale 0= No incidence 9= 51-100% 1= Less than 1% 2= 3= 1-5% 4= 5= 6-25% 6= 7= 26-50% 8= cm/cm cm/cm g per plot g per plot Cervitec reading Cervitec reading flowering cold injury scale flowering cold injury scale 1-3= tolerant= normal growth, spikelet fertility >70% 4-6= moderately tolerant= heading delayed, spikelet fertility 11-69% 7-9= sensitive= plant height reduced, heading delayed, high spikelet sterility (<10% fertile) coleoptile anthocyanin scale coleoptile anthocyanin scale 1= absent or very weak 3= weak 5= strong leaffolder injury scale greenhouse leaffolder injury scale greenhouse 0= No injury 1= 1-10% 3= 11-30% 5= 31-50% 7= 51-75% 9= more than 75% grassy stunt 2 disease scale grassy stunt 2 disease scale 1= No symptom observed 3= Pale green and slightly narrow leaves, no height reduction and with numerous small tillers. 5= Distinctly yellow and narrow leaves, 1-10% height reduction, and with numerous small tillers. 7= Yellow to orange and narrowleaves with some rusty spots, 11-30% height reduction, and withfew small tillers 9= Yellow to orange and narrow leaves with numerous rusty spots, more than 30% height reduction and with few small tillers green leafhopper injury scale field green leafhopper injury scale field 0= No damage 1= Very slight damage 3= First and 2nd leaves yellowing 5= All leaves yellow, pronounced stunting or both 7= More than half the plants dead, remaining plants wilting and severely stunted 9= All plants dead hoja blanca reproductive disease scale hoja blanca reproductive disease scale 0= No symptoms 1= Less than 1% 3= 1-10% 5= 11-30% 7= 31-60% 9= 61-100% Keel anthocyanin immature scale Keel anthocyanin immature scale 0= Absent 1= Very weak 3= Weak 5= Medium 7= Strong Keel anthocyanin mature scale Keel anthocyanin mature scale 0= Absent 1= Very weak 3= Weak 5= Medium 7= Strong HdR_Comp_Perc HdR_Comp_Perc HDR HTOL HeatSens_Est_0to9 HeatSens_Est_0to9 HojaBlancaSev_VegEst_0to9 HojaBlancaSev_VegEst_0to9 HOJA_BLANCA HojaBlancaSev_ReproEst_0to9 HOJA_BLANCA HojaBlancaSev_ReproEst_0to9 FE1 IronInj_Est_1to9 IronInj_Est_1to9 KeelAnth_ImmatEst_0to7 KeelAnth_ImmatEst_0to7 KeelAnth_MatEst_0to7 KeelAnth_MatEst_0to7 KERNEL_SMUT KSmut_Est_0to9 KSmut_Est_0to9 KNEEING_ABILITY KneeAb_EstPres_0or1 KneeAb_EstPres_0or1 KNEEING_ABILITY KneeAb_EstAng_1to9 KneeAb_EstAng_1to9 LfAng_Est_SES1to9 LfAng_Est_SES1to9 LEAF_ANGLE LEAF_ANGLE LfAng_Est_RD1to7 LfAng_Est_RD1to7 LfBladAnth_PresEst_0to9 LfBladAnth_PresEst_0to9 LfBladAnth_DistEst_1to4 LfBladAnth_DistEst_1to4 LfBladCol_Est_1to7 LfBladCol_Est_1to7 LBC LfBladGreen_Est_0to3 BLCO LfBladGreen_Est_0to3 LEAF_BLADE_PUBESCENCE LfBladPub_CultEst_SES1to3 LfBladPub_CultEst_SES1to3 LEAF_BLADE_PUBESCENCE LfBladPub_CultEst_UPOV1to7 LfBladPub_CultEst_UPOV1to7 LfBladPub_WildEst_1to4 LEAF_BLADE_PUBESCENCE LfBladPub_WildEst_1to4 BLAST LfBlastDam_EstAmt_0to9 LfBlastDam_EstAmt_0to9 LfBlastDam_EstTyp_0to9 BLAST LfBlastDam_EstTyp_0to9 BLAST LfBlastDam_EstScr_0to9 LfBlastDam_EstScr_0to9 LfLng_Av_1to9 LfLng_Av_1to9 LEAF_LENGTH LfLng_Av_cm LfLng_Av_cm LEAF_LENGTH LMPUB LfMargPub_Est_1to2 LfMargPub_Est_1to2 LfScald_Est_0to9 LEAF_SCALD LfScald_Est_0to9 SEN_CO_1_9 LfSen_Est_1to9 LfSen_Est_1to9 LSEN LW LfWdt_Av_cm LfWdt_Av_cm LW LfWdt_Av_1to7 LfWdt_Av_1to7 LfFolderDam_EstFld_0to9 LEAFFOLDER LfFolderDam_EstFld_0to9 LEAFFOLDER LfFolderDam_EstSingleLead_0to3 LfFolderDam_EstSingleLead_0to3 LEAFFOLDER LfFolderDam_CompRating_Pct LfFolderDam_CompRating_Pct LEAFFOLDER LfFolderDam_CompAdjRating_Pct LfFolderDam_CompAdjRating_Pct LfFolderDam_CompAdjRating_0to9 LEAFFOLDER LfFolderDam_CompAdjRating_0to9 LmPCol_ImmatEst_1to13 LmPCol_ImmatEst_1to13 LmPCol_MatEst_UPOV1to6 LmPCol_MatEst_UPOV1to6 LmPColOrn_Est_1to5 LmPColOrn_Est_1to5 LmPCol_MatEst_IRRI1to11 LmPCol_MatEst_IRRI1to11 LmPCol_MatEst_SES1to10 LmPCol_MatEst_SES1to10 LmPPub_Est_IRRI1to5 LmPPub_Est_IRRI1to5 LEMMA_AND_PALEA_PUBESCENCE LmPPub_Est_UPOV1to9 LmPPub_Est_UPOV1to9 LEMMA_AND_PALEA_PUBESCENCE PhenReac_Est_1to7 PhenReac_Est_1to7 LIGULE_COLOR LigCol_WildEst_0to5 LigCol_WildEst_0to5 LigCol_Est_0to3 LIGULE_COLOR LigCol_Est_0to3 LIGULE_COLOR LigCol_CultEst_0to5 LigCol_CultEst_0to5 LigLng_Av_mm LigLng_Av_mm LIGULE_LENGTH LigMargShp_Est_1to99 LigMargShp_Est_1to99 LIGMSH LIGULE_PUBESCENCE LigPub_Est_1to3 LigPub_Est_1to3 LigShp_Est_1to2 LigShp_Est_1to2 LIGULE_SHAPE LigShp_CultEst_RD0to3 LigShp_CultEst_RD0to3 LIGULE_SHAPE LigShp_CultEst_SES0to3 LigShp_CultEst_SES0to3 LIGULE_SHAPE LigShp_WilEst_0to7 LIGULE_SHAPE LigShp_WilEst_0to7 LG LodInc_Est_1to9 LodInc_Est_1to9 LG LodInc_Meas_pct LodInc_Meas_pct MaleSterGp_Est_1to6 MALE_STERILITY_GROUP MaleSterGp_Est_1to6 TMat_Meas_d TMat_Meas_d MAT TMat_Meas_1to9 TMat_Meas_1to9 MAT false smut incidence scale false smut incidence scale 0= No disease observed 9= 51-100% 1= Less than 1% 2= 3= 1-5% 4= 5= 6-25% 6= 7= 26-50% 8= SMCwp Capcaity of the plant to extract water from the soil Water extraction capacity Water extraction capacity Unfilled spikelets per panicle Number of spikelets that are not filled with a grain per panicle Unfilled spikelets per panicle USpPan Filled grain weight FGW The weight of a spikelet that is filled with a grain Filled grain weight Aerenchyma area AerA Aerenchyma area Area of an air space in a cross-section of the culm Culm diameter - 2nd internode Diameter of the second elongated internode from the base without the leaf sheath CulmD Culm diameter - 2nd internode CDMaj Culm major diameter - 2nd internode Culm major diameter - 2nd internode Major diameter (ie the longest diameter of an eliptical section) of the wider portion of the second elongated internode from the base without the leaf sheath Minor diameter (ie the shortest diameter of an eliptical section) of the narrower portion of the second elongated internode from the base without the leaf sheath Culm minor diameter - 2nd internode Culm minor diameter - 2nd internode CDMin Filled spikelets per panicle FSpPan Number of spikelets that are filled with a grain per panicle Filled spikelets per panicle Grain yield per plant amount of grain (weight) produced per one plant GYplt Grain yield per plant Panicle surface temperature Panicle temperature PanT Panicle temperature Panicles per hill PanHill Number of panicles per hill Panicles per hill Root diameter Root diameter RtD Diameter of a cross-section of the root Width of air spaces in the culm Aerenchyma diameter Aerenchyma diameter AerD Number of air spaces in the culm Aerenchyma number AerN Aerenchyma number Canopy height Canopy height Distance from soil surface to top of canopy CanH Culm area Cross-sectional area of the second elongated internode from the base without the leaf sheath CulmA Culm area CDef Culm degree of deformation Culm degree of deformation Flatness of the culm CulmPP Culm partial porosity Ratio of aerenchyma area to culm area Culm partial porosity CulmSP Culm specific porosity Culm specific porosity Ratio of aerenchyma area to cortex area Ratio of aerenchyma and pith area to culm area CulmTP Culm total porosity Culm total porosity Distance between the perimeter of the hollow pith and the epidermis Culm wall thickness Culm wall thickness CwallT CwallA Area of the culm wall Culm wall area Culm wall area Time to flowering (from transplanting) Time elapsed from date of transplanting to flowering stage DFlwT Time to flowering (from transplanting) Time elapsed from date of transplanting to initial flowering stage Time to initial flowering (from transplanting) DiFlwT Time to initial flowering (from transplanting) DMatT Time to maturity (from transplanting) Time elapsed from date of transplanting to physiological maturity stage Time to maturity (from transplanting) Time to panicle exsertion (from heading) DExs Time elapsed from heading date and date of exsertion of last spikelet Time to panicle exsertion (from heading) Dry matter yield Dry weight of all aboveground biomass per area TDM Dry matter yield Elongated internode number Elongated internode number Number of elongated internodes on the culm EInt Flag leaf area Area of the uppermost leaf on the main culm Flag leaf area FLA FLDw Flag leaf dry weight Dry weight of the uppermost leaf on the main culm Flag leaf dry weight FLpDw Pooled dry weight of the flag leaf and the leaf below it Dry weight of flag leaf and flag leaf-1 Dry weight of flag leaf and flag leaf-1 FLpSla Specific area of flag leaf and flag leaf-1 Specific area of flag leaf and flag leaf-1 Ratio of pooled flag leaf area to pooled flag leaf dry mass Flag leaf relative size FLsizeR Flag leaf relative size Size (area) of the flag leaf relative to the size (ie area) of the leaf below it Flag leaf specific area FLSla Ratio of flag leaf area to flag leaf dry weight Flag leaf specific area Area of the leaf below the flag leaf FL1A Flag leaf-1 area Flag leaf-1 area FL1Dw Dry weight of leaf below the flag leaf Flag leaf-1 dry weight Flag leaf-1 dry weight Flag leaf-1 length Flag leaf-1 length FL1L Length of leaf below the flag leaf Flag leaf-1 specific leaf area Flag leaf-1 specific leaf area FL1Sla Ratio of area to dry weight of the leaf below the flag leaf FL1W Flag leaf-1 width Flag leaf-1 width Width of leaf below the flag leaf Green leaf number Number of green leaves on the main culm Green leaf number GLf Harvest index Harvest index HI Ratio of grain yield to total aboveground biomass Leaf total number Leaf total number Total number of fully expanded leaves produced per plant from germination to flowering Lf Antioxidant activity of leaf extracts Oxygen radical absorbance capacity Oxygen radical absorbance capacity ORAC Panicle density Panicle density PanD Number of panicles per unit area PedL Peduncle length Length of the stalk bearing the panicle Peduncle length PithA Pith area Area of the hollow region of the culm Pith area Diameter of the hollow portion of the culm PithD Pith diameter Pith diameter Pith major diameter PDMaj Pith major diameter Diameter of the wider portion of pith PDMin Pith minor diameter Pith minor diameter Diameter of the narrower portion of pith Int2L Length of the second internode from the base Second internode length Second internode length Number of spikelets with filled grains per unit area Filled spikelet density Filled spikelet density FSD Filled spikelet proportion Filled spikelet proportion Proportion of spikelets on a harvested panicle that contain filled grains FSpProp Spikelets per hill SpHill Total number of spikelets per hill Spikelets per hill Total number of spikelets per panicle Spikelets per panicle Spikelets per panicle SpPan SpD Spikelets density Total number of spikelets per unit area Spikelets density Number of spikelets that are not filled with a grain per unit area Unfilled spikelets density Unfilled spikelets density USpD SGr Stay-green Stay-green Proportion of leaves that stayed green until the maturity stage StemD Diameter of the second elongated internode from the base with the leaf sheath Stem diameter - 2nd internode Stem diameter - 2nd internode Stem major diameter - 2nd internode SDMaj Stem major diameter - 2nd internode Major diameter (ie the longest diameter of an eliptical section) of the wider portion of the second elongated internode from the base with the leaf sheath Minor diameter (ie the shortest diameter of an eliptical section) of the narrower portion of the second elongated internode from the base with the leaf sheath SDMin Stem minor diameter - 2nd internode Stem minor diameter - 2nd internode Straw yield Straw dry matter weight (ie aboveground dry matter without the grains) per area Straw yield StDM Tiller number per hill Total number of reproductive and non-reproductive tillers per hill Tiller number per hill TilHill Tiller density Tiller density TilD Total number of reproductive and non-reproductive tillers per unit area Root length Root length Total root length RtL Root surface area Total surface area of root system Root surface area RtA Root volume Total volume of root system RtV Root volume Sub-stomatal cavity carbon dioxide concentration Leaf intercellular carbon dioxide concentration Leaf intercellular carbon dioxide concentration CI Photosynthetic rate Photosynthetic rate Carbon dioxide assimilation rate of the leaf PS Tr Rate of water loss from the leaf Transpiration rate Transpiration rate Rate of passage of water vapor through the leaf Stomatal conductance Stomatal conductance Gs Stomatal resistance Rs Stomatal resistance Inverse of stomatal conductance Leaf temperature Leaf surface temperature LfT Leaf temperature Tiller fertility Tiller fertility FerTil Proportion of reproductive tillers Time elapsed from date of emergence to flowering stage Time to flowering (from emergence) DFlwE Time to flowering (from emergence) Half-filled spikelet weight per area HFSpY Half-filled spikelet weight per area Dry weight of half-filled spikelets, including the hull, on an area basis Unfilled spikelets weight per area Dry weight of unfilled spikelets, including the hull, on an area basis Unfilled spikelets weight per area UFSpY Grain length to width ratio Ratio of grain length to grain width GLWR Grain length to width ratio PGWC Proportion of grains with chalkiness Proportion of grains with chalkiness Proportion of head milled grains with chalkiness Proportion of head rice (kernel longer or equal to 3/4 full length of the kernel) obtained from milling the rough rice (grain with hull) Head milled rice rate HMRR Head milled rice rate Brown rice rate Brown rice rate Proportion of brown rice (dehulled grains) obtained from rough rice (hulled grain) BRR Proportion of milled and polished (processed) rice obtained from rough rice (grain with hull) Milled rice rate MRR Milled rice rate DiFlwS Time elapsed from date of sowing to initial flowering stage Time to initial flowering (from sowing) Time to initial flowering (from sowing) Total dry weight of stem and sheath per plant Stem dry weight Stem dry weight SDWplt Leaf dry weight per plant Leaf dry weight per plant Total dry weight of leaves per plant LDWplt Total dry matter per plant TDMplt Total dry matter per plant Dry weight of all aboveground biomass per plant Time to maturity (from sowing) DMatS Time to maturity (from sowing) Time elapsed from date of sowing to physiological maturity stage Thickness of the leaf sheath surrounding the stem Leaf sheath thickness LfST Leaf sheath thickness Culm porosity CulmP Culm porosity Ratio of pith area to culm area Half-filled grain weight Half-filled grain weight THfGW Dry weight of a half-filled spikelet, including the hull TUfGW Unfilled grain weight Dry weight of an unfilled spikelet, including the hull Unfilled grain weight Proportion of spikelets on a harvested panicle that are half-filled HFSpPct Half-filled spikelets proportion Half-filled spikelets proportion Proportion of spikelets on a harvested panicle that are unfilled UFSpPct Unfilled spikelets proportion Unfilled spikelets proportion Half-filled spikelets per panicle Number of spikelets with an half-filled grain per panicle Half-filled spikelets per panicle HFSpPan Sucrose content in the stem StSUC Stem sucrose content Stem sucrose content Protein content in the stem Stem protein content StPRO Stem protein content Stem starch content Starch content in the stem Stem starch content StSTA Nonstructural carbohydrate content in the stem StNSC Stem total nonstructural carbohydrate content Stem total nonstructural carbohydrate content Ash content in the stem StASH Stem ash content Stem ash content StLIG Total lignin content in the stem Stem total lignin content Stem total lignin content Stem cell wall carbohydrate content Cell wall carbohydrate content in the stem Stem cell wall carbohydrate content StCWC Total stem extractives content in the stem StEXT Stem extractives content Stem extractives content Total ash, lignin and cell wall carbohydrate content of stem StSTR Stem total structural materials content Stem total structural materials content Total stem materials content StTWT Total stem materials content Total ash, lignin and cell wall carbohydrate, protein and extractive content of stem Half-filled spikelet densty Half-filled spikelet densty Number of spikelets with an half-filled grain per unit area HSpD Flag leaf chlorophyll content Chlorophyll content in the uppermost leaf of the main culm Flag leaf chlorophyll content FLCC TilProd Total number of productive tillers arising from the base of each plant Productive tiller number per plant Productive tiller number per plant Flag leaf temperature FLfT Flag leaf temperature Flag leaf surface temperature StDM Straw dry matter per plant Straw dry matter per plant Dry weight of stems and leaves per plant Grain filling rate Dry mass accumulated per panicle per unit of time GFR Grain filling rate Panicle dry weight per plant Panicle dry weight per plant Panicle dry weight per plant PDWplt Image analysis - Stem aerenchyma area Image analysis - Stem aerenchyma area View cross-sectioned samples of second internode under stereo microscope and use Image J software to measure the average area of the air spaces in the culm Image analysis - Stem aerenchyma diameter View cross-sectioned samples of second internode under stereo microscope and use Image J software to measure the diameter of the air space in the culm Image analysis - Stem aerenchyma diameter Image analysis - Stem aerenchyma number Image analysis - Stem aerenchyma number View cross-sectioned samples of second internode under stereo microscope and use Image J software to count the number of air spaces in the culm Calculation - Total aerenchyma area Calculation - Total aerenchyma area Take the average stem aerenchyma area and multiply by the stem aerenchyma number Average - Canopy height Measure distance from soil surface to top level of the canopy of representative plants and take the average Average - Canopy height View cross-sectioned samples of second internode under stereo microscope and use Image J software to measure the area of the cross-sectioned culm Image analysis - Culm area Image analysis - Culm area Calculation - Degree of culm deformation Calculate the ratio of the difference between the major and minor culm diameters to the average culm diameter of the second internode from the base as measured via image analysis Calculation - Degree of culm deformation Calculate the average of major and minor culm diameters Calculation - Culm diameter Calculation - Culm diameter Calculation - Culm diameter from image analysis Calculate the average of major and minor culm diameters measured by image analysis Calculation - Culm diameter from image analysis View cross-sectioned samples of second internode under stereo microscope and use Image J software to measure the width of the wider portion of the culm Image analysis - Major culm diameter Image analysis - Major culm diameter Average - Major culm diameter Average - Major culm diameter Remove leaf sheath and measure wider width of second elongated internodes from the base and take the average Image analysis - Minor culm diameter Image analysis - Minor culm diameter View cross-sectioned samples of second internode under stereo microscope and use Image J software to measure the width of the narrower portion of the culm Average - Minor culm diameter Average - Minor culm diameter Remove leaf sheath and measure narrower width of the second elongated internode from the base and take the average Calculation - Partial culm porosity Calculate ratio of total aerenchyma area to culm area Calculation - Partial culm porosity Calculation - Specific culm porosity Calculation - Specific culm porosity Calculate the ratio of total aerenchyma area to cortex area Calculate the ratio of total aerenchyma area and pith area to the culm area Calculation - Total culm porosity Calculation - Total culm porosity Image analysis - Culm wall thickness Image analysis - Culm wall thickness View cross-sectioned sample of second internode under stereo microscope and use Image J software to measure the thickness of the wall of the cross-sectioned culm Calculate culm area minus the pith area Calculation - Culm wall area Calculation - Culm wall area Calculation - Days to flowering from transplanting Calculation - Days to flowering from transplanting Calculate the number of days between transplanting and flowering dates (i.e., when at least 50% of hills in the plot have reached flowering stage) Calculation - Days to initial flowering fom transplanting Calculation - Days to initial flowering fom transplanting Calculate the number of days between transplanting and initial flowering dates Calculation - Days to maturity Take the number of days to flowering and add 30 days Calculation - Days to maturity Calculation - Days to panicle exsertion Calculation - Days to panicle exsertion Calculate the number of days between the heading date and the date of exsertion of the last spikelet Calculation - Total dry matter Calculation - Total dry matter Take the total dry weight of straw, rachis, and grain (filled and unfilled) and express on a per unit area Average - Number of elongated internodes Count number of elongated internodes starting from the base of the main culm to the neck node Average - Number of elongated internodes Calculation - Flag leaf area Calculate as length times the width of the uppermost leaf on the main culm, multiplied by a constant (0.725) Calculation - Flag leaf area Average - Oven dry weight Oven dry representative leaves at 70degC to constant weight and then weigh. Take the average Average - Oven dry weight Pool representative flag leaves and leaves below the flag leaf and oven dry at 70degC to constant weight and then weigh. Take the average Average - Pooled oven dry weight Average - Pooled oven dry weight Take the ratio of the pooled flag leaf area and the pooled flag leaf oven dry weight Calculation - Specific leaf area of pooled flag leaf Calculation - Specific leaf area of pooled flag leaf Calculation - Relative flag leaf size Take the ratio of flag leaf area to area of the leaf below the flag leaf Calculation - Relative flag leaf size Take the ratio of flag leaf area to flag leaf dry weight Calculation - Flag leaf specific leaf area Calculation - Flag leaf specific leaf area Calculation - Flag leaf -1 area Calculate as length times the width of the leaf below the flag leaf, multiplied by a constant (0.725) Calculation - Flag leaf -1 area Oven dry representative flag leaf -1 at 70degC to constant weight and weigh. Take the average weight Average - Oven dry weight Average - Oven dry weight Average - Flag leaf-1 length Measure length of representative leaves below the flag leaf on the main culm, from the ligule to the tip of the blade. Take the average length Average - Flag leaf-1 length Calculation - Flag leaf -1 specific leaf area Calculation - Flag leaf -1 specific leaf area Take the ratio of leaf area to leaf dry weight of leaf below the flag leaf Average - Flag leaf width Average - Flag leaf width Measure width at the widest portion of the leaf below the flag leaf on the main culm. Repeat measurement on representative leaf and take the average width. Calculation -grain yield correction to 14% moisture content Correct the oven-dried grain yield to 14% moisture content Calculation -grain yield correction to 14% moisture content Calculation - Grain yield from components of yield Calculation - Grain yield from components of yield 1/ oven dry the harvested grains to constant dry weight. 2/ Derive the grain yield from the panicle density, the 1000-grain weight, the number of filled spikelets per panicle or spikelets per panicle and filled spikelet percentage Average - Green leaf number Count number of green leaves on the main culm of representative plants. Take the average number Average - Green leaf number Take ratio of grain yield to total dry matter per area Calculation - Harvest index Calculation - Harvest index Weighing - filled grain weight Take random sample of a given number of filled grains, oven-dry until constant weight and weigh. Weighing - filled grain weight Average - Total leaf number Average - Total leaf number Count number of fully expanded leaves that appeared on representatiove plants from germination to flowering. Take the average number Manual measurement - ORAC assay Manual measurement - ORAC assay Take leaf sap from youngest fully expanded leaves; trolox equivalent of samples obtained by regression equation with trolox standard Measure distance between the base of the flag leaf and the panicle neck node; there is positive exertion if the panicle base is above the flag leaf base and a negative exsertion if otherwise. Manual measurement - Panicle exsertion Manual measurement - Panicle exsertion Average - Panicles per hill Average - Panicles per hill Count the number of panicles per hill for several hills. Take the average. Calculate from total number of panicles per hill and the area of the hills sampled Calculation - Number of panicles per square meter Calculation - Number of panicles per square meter Average - Peduncle length Average - Peduncle length Measure distance between the panicle neck node of the main culm and the panicle base, i.e. uppermost culm node. Repeat measurement on other representative plants and take the average. Image analysis - Pith area Image analysis - Pith area View cross-sectioned samples of second internode under stereo microscope and use Image J software to measure the area of the hollow region of the culm Calculate the average of major and minor pith diameters of the second internode from the base Calculation - Pith diameter Calculation - Pith diameter Image analysis - Major pith diameter Image analysis - Major pith diameter View cross-sectioned samples of second internode under stereo microscope and use Image J software to measure the width at the wider portion of the culm pith Image analysis - Minor pith diameter View cross-sectioned samples of second internode under stereo microscope and use Image J software to measure the width at the narrower portion of the culm pith Image analysis - Minor pith diameter Average - Length of second internode Average - Length of second internode Measure the distance between the second and third nodes, counting from the base of the main culm. Repeat measurement on other representative plant. Take the average Calculation - Filled spikelet per panicle Calculate from the number of filled spikelets per m2 and the number of panicles per m2 Calculation - Filled spikelet per panicle Calculation - Filled spikelet per square meter Calculate from the filled grain weight and number of filled grains on an area basis Calculation - Filled spikelet per square meter Calculation - Filled spikelet percentage Calculation - Filled spikelet percentage Take the number of filled spikelets and divide by the total number of spikelets per panicle, multiply by 100 Calculation - Spikelets per hill Calculation - Spikelets per hill Calculate from the number of spikelets per m2 and the number of hills per m2 Calculation - Spikelets per panicle Calculation - Spikelets per panicle Calculate from the number of spikelets per m2 and the number of panicles per m2 (= SPM2/PANM2) Calculate as the sum of filled, half-filled and unfilled spikelets per area Calculation - Spikelets per square meter Calculation - Spikelets per square meter Calculation - Unfilled spikelets per square meter Calculation - Unfilled spikelets per square meter Calculate from the unfilled grain weight and number of unfilled grains on an area basis Take the ratio of number of green leaves at maturity to the number of green leaves at flowering Calculation - Stay-green Calculation - Stay-green Calculation - Stem diameter Take the average of major and minor stem diameters of the second elongated internode from the base Calculation - Stem diameter Measure the width of the second elongated internode from the base at the wider portion of the stem with the leaf sheath. Repeat the measurement on other representative plant. Take the average diameter. Average - Major stem diameter Average - Major stem diameter Average - Minor stem diameter Measure the width of the second elongated internode from the base at the narrower portion of the stem with the leaf sheath. Repeat the measurement on other representative plant. Take the average diameter. Average - Minor stem diameter Calculation - Straw yield Calculation - Straw yield Oven dry straw at 70?C to constant weight and express in a per unit area basis Weighing - filled grain weight Weighing - filled grain weight Take random sample of a given number of filled grains, oven-dry until constant weight and weigh. Count all tillers of representative hills and take the average per hill Average - Tiller number per hill Average - Tiller number per hill Calculate from total number of tillers per hill and the area of the hills sampled Calculation - Tiller number per unit area Calculation - Tiller number per unit area Calculate as the ratio of soil oven-dried weight to soil fresh weight at wilting point. Calculation - Soil moisture content at wilting point Calculation - Soil moisture content at wilting point Calculation - Soil moisture tension at wilting point Derive from the soil moisture retention (pF) curve using the soil moisture content at wilting point. Calculation - Soil moisture tension at wilting point Image analysis - Root diameter using WinRhizo in SITIS platform Image analysis - Root diameter using WinRhizo in SITIS platform Scan roots from soil depths of 0-45 cm using CI-600 scanner system associated with the WinRhizo software and calculate root diameter based on image Winrhyzo analysis. WinRHIZO uses a non-statistical method for measuring root morphology. It calculates total root length from a one pixel thinned image by multiplying the number of pixels by pixel size, and calculates average diameter by dividing the projected area of the imaged object by the total length. Scan roots from soil depths of 0-45 cm using CI-600 scanner system associated with the WinRhizo software and calculate root length based on WinRHIZO image analysis. WinRHIZO uses a non-statistical method to calculate total root length from a one pixel thinned image by multiplying the number of pixels by pixel size. Image analysis - Root length using WinRhizo in SITIS platform Image analysis - Root length using WinRhizo in SITIS platform Image analysis - Root surface area using WinRhizo in SITIS platform Scan roots from soil depths of 0-45 cm using CI-600 scanner system associated with the WinRhizo software and calculate root surface area based on image analysis. WinRHIZO uses a non-statistical method for measuring root morphology. It calculates total root length from a one pixel thinned image by multiplying the number of pixels by pixel size, and calculates average diameter by dividing the projected area of the imaged object by the total length. Surface area is calculated from root diameter and length assuming the root has a round cross-section. Image analysis - Root surface area using WinRhizo in SITIS platform Scan roots from soil depths of 0-45 cm using CI-600 scanner system associated with the WinRhizo software and calculate root volume based on image analysis Image analysis - Root volume using WinRhizo in SITIS platform Image analysis - Root volume using WinRhizo in SITIS platform Manual measurement - Gas exchange leaf intercellular carbon dioxide concentration in SITIS platform Manual measurement - Gas exchange leaf intercellular carbon dioxide concentration in SITIS platform Take youngest fully expanded leaf (penultimate leaf) and measure leaf intercellular carbon dioxide concentration with the portable photosynthesis system (LCPro+ ADC) Manual measurement - Gas exchange photosynthetic rate in SITIS platform Take youngest fully expanded leaf (penultimate leaf) and measure photosynthetic rate with the portable photosynthesis system (LCPro+ ADC) Manual measurement - Gas exchange photosynthetic rate in SITIS platform Manual measurement - Gas exchange transpiration rate in SITIS platform Manual measurement - Gas exchange transpiration rate in SITIS platform Take youngest fully expanded leaf (penultimate leaf) and measure transpiration rate with the portable photosynthesis system (LCPro+ ADC) Manual measurement - Gas exchange stomatal conductance in SITIS platform Manual measurement - Gas exchange stomatal conductance in SITIS platform Take youngest fully expanded leaf (penultimate leaf) and measure stomatal conductance with the portable photosynthesis system (LCPro+ ADC) Calculation - Stomatal resistance Calculation - Stomatal resistance Take inverse of stomatal conductance Take youngest fully expanded leaf (penultimate leaf) and measure leaf temperature with the portable photosynthesis system (LCPro+ ADC) Manual measurement - Leaf surface temperature in SITIS platform Manual measurement - Leaf surface temperature in SITIS platform Observe plant growth and rate level of drought symptoms Estimation - overall drought symptoms Estimation - overall drought symptoms Calculation - Tiller fertility Calculation - Tiller fertility Take the number of reproductive tillers and divide by the total number of tillers Calculation - Days to flowering from emergence Calculation - Days to flowering from emergence Calculate the number of days between emergence and flowering dates (i.e., when at least 50% of hills in the plot have reached flowering stage) Calculate from the half-filled grain weight and number of half-filled grains on an area basis Calculation - Spikelets half-filled weight on area basis Calculation - Spikelets half-filled weight on area basis Calculation - Spikelets unfilled weight on area basis Calculation - Spikelets unfilled weight on area basis Calculate from the unfilled grain weight and number of unfilled grains on an area basis Manually measured according to the National Rice Grain Quality Assessment Standard of China (GB/T17891-1999) NRGQASC - Grain length NRGQASC - Grain length NRGQASC - Grain width NRGQASC - Grain width Manually measured according to the National Rice Grain Quality Assessment Standard of China (GB/T17891-1999) Manually measured according to the National Rice Grain Quality Assessment Standard of China (GB/T17891-1999) NRGQASC - Grain thickness NRGQASC - Grain thickness Calculation - Grain length to width ratio Take ratio of grain length to grain width Calculation - Grain length to width ratio Calculation - Degree of endosperm chalkiness Calculation - Degree of endosperm chalkiness Calculate as the product of percentage of grain with chalkiness and chalkiness size (area of chalkiness divided by the area of the whole grain). The grain chalkiness characteristics were measured using a JMWT12 Rice Appearance Quality Detector (Dong Fu Jiu Heng, Beijing). Calculation - Percentage of grain with chalkiness Calculation - Percentage of grain with chalkiness Calculate as the percentage of head milled grains with chalkiness. The grain chalkiness characteristics were measured using a JMWT12 Rice Appearance Quality Detector (Dong Fu Jiu Heng, Beijing). Calculation - Head milled rice rate Calculate as the ratio of head rice weight (kernel longer than or equal to 3/4 full length of a kernel) to rough rice weight (unprocessed rice with hulls intact) multiplied by 100 Calculation - Head milled rice rate Calculate as the ratio of brown rice weight (unprocessed rice with hulls removed) to rough rice weight (unprocessed rice with hulls intact) multiplied by 100 Calculation - Brown rice rate Calculation - Brown rice rate Calculation - Milled rice rate Calculate as the ratio of milled rice weight to rough rice weight (unprocessed rice with hulls intact) multiplied by 100 Calculation - Milled rice rate Calculation - Days to 50% flowering from sowing Calculation - Days to 50% flowering from sowing Calculate the number of days between sowing and flowering dates (i.e., when at least 50% of hills in the plot have reached flowering stage) Calculation - Days to initial flowering fom sowing Calculation - Days to initial flowering fom sowing Calculate the number of days between sowing and initial flowering dates Average - Panicles per plant Average - Panicles per plant Count the number of panicles on representative plants and compute the average Average - Stem dry weight Average - Stem dry weight Oven dry representative stems at 70degC to constant weight. Weigh and take the average stem weight Average - Leaf dry weight Oven dry representative leaves at 70degC to constant weight, weigh and take the average leaf weight Average - Leaf dry weight Calculation - Grain yield per plant Derive grain weight per plant from number of productive panicles per plant, 1000-grain weight, and number filled spikelets per panicle. Calculation - Grain yield per plant Calculation - Total dry matter per plant Take the total dry weight of stems, leaves and panicles per plant Calculation - Total dry matter per plant Averaged Manual measurement - Unfilled spikelet number per panicle Averaged Manual measurement - Unfilled spikelet number per panicle Count the number of unfilled spikelets per panicle of representative panicles and then take the average Average - Filled spikelet number per panicle Average - Filled spikelet number per panicle Count the number of filled spikelets per panicle. Repeat the measurement on other representative panicles. Take the average number of filled spikelets per panicle. Calculation - Days to physiological maturity from sowing Calculate the number of days between sowing and physiological maturity (i.e. when the grain is hard and ready for harvest) Calculation - Days to physiological maturity from sowing Calculation - Leaf sheath thickness Take the difference between the stem diameter and culm diameter and divide this by 2 Calculation - Leaf sheath thickness Calculation - Culm porosity Calculation - Culm porosity Calculate the ratio of pith area to culm area Average - half-filled spikelet weight Take subsample of half-filled spikelets, count, oven-dry, weigh and express in grain weight / number of grain Average - half-filled spikelet weight Take subsample of unfilled spikelets, count, oven-dry, weigh and express in grain weight / number of grain Average - unfilled spikelet weight Average - unfilled spikelet weight Take the number of half-filled spikelets (per square meter or per panicle) and divide by the total number of spikelets (per square meter or per panicle) and multiply by 100 Calculation - Half-filled spikelet percentage Calculation - Half-filled spikelet percentage Take the number of unfilled spikelets (per square meter or per panicle) and divide by the total number of spikelets (per square meter or per panicle) and multiply by 100 Calculation - Unfilled spikelet percentage Calculation - Unfilled spikelet percentage Calculation - Half-filled spikelet per panicle Calculation - Half-filled spikelet per panicle Calculate from the number of half-filled spikelets per m2 and the number of panicles per m2 Calculation - Unfilled spikelet per panicle Calculation - Unfilled spikelet per panicle Calculate from the unfilled spikelet density and the panicles density Predict sucrose content using partial least squares (PLS) modeling of Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectra. Analytical measurement - Sucrose content Analytical measurement - Sucrose content Analytical measurement - Protein content Predict protein content using partial least squares (PLS) modeling of Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectra. Analytical measurement - Protein content Predict starch content using partial least squares (PLS) modeling of Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectra. Analytical measurement - Starch content Analytical measurement - Starch content Calculation - Nonstructural carbohydrate content Take sum of sucrose content and starch content from PLS-FTIR analysis Calculation - Nonstructural carbohydrate content Analytical measurement - Ash content Analytical measurement - Ash content Predict ash content using partial least squares (PLS) modeling of Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectra. Analytical measurement - Lignin content Analytical measurement - Lignin content Predict lignin content using partial least squares (PLS) modeling of Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectra. Analytical measurement - Cell wall carbohydrate composition Analytical measurement - Cell wall carbohydrate composition Predict cell wall carbohydrate composition using partial least squares (PLS) modeling of Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectra. Analytical measurement - Total stem extractives content Predict total stem extractives content using partial least squares (PLS) modeling of Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectra Analytical measurement - Total stem extractives content Take sum of ash, lignin and cell wall carbohydrate content from PLS-FTIR analysis Calculation -Total structural materials Calculation -Total structural materials Take sum of ash, lignin and cell wall carbohydrate, protein and extractive content from PLS-FTIR analysis Calculation - Total stem material Calculation - Total stem material Calculate from the half-filled grain weight and number of half-filled grains on an area basis Calculation - Half-filled spikelets per square meter Calculation - Half-filled spikelets per square meter Manual measurement - SPAD meter reading Manual measurement - SPAD meter reading Take flag leaf of randomly selected plants and do multiple SPAD readings from tip to base of the leaf. Average - Grain yield per plant Average - Grain yield per plant Measure weight of filled grains from primary and secondary panicles harvested on one plant. Repeat measurement on representative plants. Take the average Calculation - Grain yield per plot Calculation - Grain yield per plot Take yield expressed on an area basis and multiply with plot size Take yield per plant and multiply with plants density Calculation - Grain yield from plant density Calculation - Grain yield from plant density Average - Productive tiller number per plant Count all productive tillers in representative plants and take the average Average - Productive tiller number per plant Take flag leaf and measure temperature near leaf surface with an infrared gun Manual measurement - Flag leaf temperature Manual measurement - Flag leaf temperature Average - Straw yield Dry aboveground plant parts, excluding panicles. Weigh and take the average weight per plant Average - Straw yield Calculation - Grain filling rate About 2 weeks after flowering, measure grain weight twice at a week interval. Then, compute the grain filling rate by dividing the difference in weight by the time interval. Eg grain weight at 21 days after flowering minus grain weight at 15 days after flowering divided by six days Calculation - Grain filling rate Oven dry at 70degC to constant weight and weigh the panicles of representative plants and take the average Average - Panicle dry weight per plant Average - Panicle dry weight per plant Take representative panicles, measure temperature near panicle surface with an infrared gun and take the average Average - Panicle temperature Average - Panicle temperature spikelet sterility scale spikelet sterility scale 1= Completely 100% sterile 3= Highly sterile (99%-99.9%) 5= Sterile (95%-98.9%) 7= Partially sterile (70%-94.9%) 9= Partially fertile to fertile (<70% sterile) square millimeter square millimeter Aerenchyma Aerenchyma mm/mm mm/mm Partial porosity ratio Partial porosity ratio Specific porosity ratio Specific porosity ratio Total porosity ratio Total porosity ratio grams per square meter grams per square meter Internodes Internodes square centimeter square centimeter cm2 g-1 cm2 g-1 cm2 cm-2 cm2 cm-2 kilogram per hectare kilogram per hectare Green leaves per plant Green leaves per plant kg per kg kg per kg g per 100 spikelets g per 100 spikelets Leaves per plant Leaves per plant millimolar trolox equivalent millimolar trolox equivalent Panicles per hill Panicles per hill Panicles per m2 Panicles per m2 Spikelets per panicle Spikelets per panicle count count Spikelets per hill Spikelets per hill g per 1000 spikelets g per 1000 spikelets Tillers per hill Tillers per hill Tillers per m2 Tillers per m2 millibars millibars cubic centimeter cubic centimeter parts per million parts per million micromol CO2 m-2 s-1 micromol CO2 m-2 s-1 mmol H2O m-2 s-1 mmol H2O m-2 s-1 mol H2O m-2 s-1 mol H2O m-2 s-1 square meter per second per mol of water square meter per second per mol of water drought grade 1-5 drought grade 1-5 1 = Severely stressed 2 = Stressed 3 = moderately stressed 4 = few drought symptoms 5 = no drought symptoms length to width ratio length to width ratio Tillers per plant Tillers per plant gram per plant gram per plant Porosity ratio Porosity ratio mg g-1 dry matter mg g-1 dry matter SPAD unit SPAD unit grams per day grams per day AerA_IA_mm2 AerA_IA_mm2 AerD_IA_mm AerD_IA_mm AerN_IA_Aer AerN_IA_Aer AerTA_IA_mm2 AerTA_IA_mm2 CanH_Av_cm CanH_Av_cm CulmA_IA_mm2 CulmA_IA_mm2 CDef_CM_r CDef_CM_r CulmD_CM_mm CulmD_CM_mm CulmD_IA_mm CulmD_IA_mm CDMaj_IA_mm CDMaj_IA_mm CDMaj_Av_mm CDMaj_Av_mm CDMin_IA_mm CDMin_IA_mm CDMin_Av_mm CDMin_Av_mm CulmPP_CM_r CulmPP_CM_r CulmSP_CM_r CulmSP_CM_r CulmTP_CM_r CulmTP_CM_r CwallT_IA_mm CwallT_IA_mm CwallA_CM_mm2 CwallA_CM_mm2 TFlwT_CM_d TFlwT_CM_d TiFlwT_CM_d TiFlwT_CM_d TMatT_CM_d TMatT_CM_d DExs_CM_d DExs_CM_d TDM_CM_gm2 TDM_CM_gm2 EInt_Av_Ino EInt_Av_Ino FLA_CM_cm2 FLA_CM_cm2 FLDw_Av_g FLDw_Av_g FLpDw_Av_g FLpDw_Av_g FLpSla_CM_cm2g FLpSla_CM_cm2g FLsizeR_CM_r FLsizeR_CM_r FLSla_CM_cm2g FLSla_CM_cm2g FL1A_CM_cm2 FL1A_CM_cm2 FL1Dw_Av_g FL1Dw_Av_g FL1L_Av_cm FL1L_Av_cm FL1Sla_CM_cm2g FL1Sla_CM_cm2g FL1W_Av_cm FL1W_Av_cm GY_CM_kgha GY_CM_kgha GY_CM_gm2 GY_CM_gm2 GLf_Av_LfPlt GLf_Av_LfPlt HI_CM_r HI_CM_r FGW_MM_g100gr HGW 100GW FGW_MM_g100gr Lf_Av_LfPlt Lf_Av_LfPlt ORAC_MM_trol ORAC_MM_trol Exs_MM_cm Exs_MM_cm PanHill_Av_PanHill PanHill_Av_PanHill PanD_Calc_Panm2 PanD_Calc_Panm2 PedL_Av_cm PedL_Av_cm PithA_IA_mm2 PithA_IA_mm2 PithD_CM_mm PithD_CM_mm PDMaj_IA_mm PDMaj_IA_mm PDMin_IA_mm PDMin_IA_mm Int2L_Av_cm Int2L_Av_cm SpSter_CM_pct SpSter_CM_pct FSpPan_CM_SpPan FSpPan_CM_SpPan FSD_CM_spk FSD_CM_spk FSpProp_CM_pct FSpProp_CM_pct SpHill_CM_SpH SpHill_CM_SpH SpPan_CM_SpPan SpPan_CM_SpPan SpD_CM_spk SpD_CM_spk USpD_CM_spk USpD_CM_spk SGr_CM_pct SGr_CM_pct StemD_CM_mm StemD_CM_mm SDMaj_Av_mm SDMaj_Av_mm SDMin_Av_mm SDMin_Av_mm StDM_CM_gm2 StDM_CM_gm2 1000GW FGW_MM_g1000gr FGW_MM_g1000gr TGW TilHill_Av_TillH TilHill_Av_TillH TilD_CM_Tillm2 TilD_CM_Tillm2 SMCwp_CM_pct SMCwp_CM_pct SMTwp_CM_mb SMTwp_CM_mb RtD_Win_mm RtD_Win_mm RtL_Win_cm RtL_Win_cm RtA_Win_cm2 RtA_Win_cm2 RtV_Win_cm3 RtV_Win_cm3 CI_LCPro_ppm CI_LCPro_ppm PS_LCPro_umol PS_LCPro_umol Tr_LCPro_mmol Tr_LCPro_mmol Gs_LCPro_mol Gs_LCPro_mol Rs_LCPro_invm Rs_LCPro_invm LfT_LCPro_degC LfT_LCPro_degC DrG_Est_sc1to5 DrG_Est_sc1to5 FerTil_CM_pct FerTil_CM_pct TFlwE_CM_d TFlwE_CM_d HFSpY_CM_gm2 HFSpY_CM_gm2 UFSpY_CM_gm2 UFSpY_CM_gm2 GrLng_MM_mm GrLng_MM_mm GrWh_MM_mm GrWh_MM_mm GrT_MM_mm GrT_MM_mm GLWR_CM_r GLWR_CM_r DEC_CM_pct DEC_CM_pct PGWC_CM_pct PGWC_CM_pct HMRR_CM_pct HMRR_CM_pct BRR_CM_pct BRR_CM_pct MRR_CM_pct MRR_CM_pct TFlwS_CM_d TFlwS_CM_d TiFlwS_CM_d TiFlwS_CM_d TilPlt_Av_TillPlt TilPlt_Av_TillPlt PanPlt_Av_PanPlt PanPlt_Av_PanPlt SDWplt_Av_g SDWplt_Av_g LDWplt_Av_g LDWplt_Av_g GYplt_CM_g GYplt_CM_g TDMplt_CM_gPlnt TDMplt_CM_gPlnt USpPan_Av_SpPan USpPan_Av_SpPan FSpPan_Av_SpPan FSpPan_Av_SpPan DMatS_CM_d DMatS_CM_d LfST_CM_mm LfST_CM_mm CulmP_CM_r CulmP_CM_r THfGW HfGW_Av_g1000gr HfGW_Av_g1000gr TUfGW UfGW_Av_g1000gr UfGW_Av_g1000gr HFSpPct_CM_pct HFSpPct_CM_pct UFSpPct_CM_pct UFSpPct_CM_pct HFSpPan_CM_SpPan HFSpPan_CM_SpPan UFSpPan_CompD_SpPan UFSpPan_CompD_SpPan StSUC_AM_mgg StSUC_AM_mgg StPRO_AM_mgg StPRO_AM_mgg StSTA_AM_mgg StSTA_AM_mgg StNSC_AM_mgg StNSC_AM_mgg StASH_AM_mgg StASH_AM_mgg StLIG_AM_mgg StLIG_AM_mgg StCWC_AM_mgg StCWC_AM_mgg StEXT_AM_mgg StEXT_AM_mgg StSTR_AM_mgg StSTR_AM_mgg StTWT_AM_mgg StTWT_AM_mgg HSpD_CM_SpPan HSpD_CM_SpPan FLCC_MM_SPAD FLCC_MM_SPAD GYplt_Av_g GYplt_Av_g GY_CM_kgplot GY_CM_kgplot GY_CMD_gm2 GY_CMD_gm2 TilProd_Av_TillPlt TilProd_Av_TillPlt FLfT_MM_degC FLfT_MM_degC StDM_Av_g StDM_Av_g GFR_CM_gday GFR_CM_gday PDWplt_Av_g PDWplt_Av_g PanT_Av_degC PanT_Av_degC chalkiness Cervitec assessment Polish a sample of rice and quantify chalkiness automatically using a duly calibrated Cervitec instrument chalkiness Cervitec assessment AmyCt_NIRS_Pct AMY AmyCt_NIRS_Pct chalkiness 0-5 scale chalkiness 0-5 scale 0 = 0% of the kernel with chalkiness 1 = 10% of the kernel with chalkiness 2 = 25% of the kernel with chalkiness 3 = 50% of the kernel with chalkiness 4 = 75% of the kernel with chalkiness 5 = 100% of the kernel with chalkiness Clk_Vis_0to5 Clk_Vis_0to5 Zinc content in grain Zinc content in polished grain Zinc content in grain zinc content zinc content - XRF fluorescence analyser zinc content - XRF fluorescence analyser Use standard laboratory procedure (XRF- Fluorescence Analyzer) to determine the zinc content in a sample of polished grain. The recommended sample size is 10g. ZnCt_Meas_ppm ZnCt_Meas_ppm ppm ppm Abiotic stress Abiotic stress Biotic stress Biotic stress